HOSA Pathophysiology Test
(Musculoskeletal) Questions All
Solved Correct 2025/2026 Updated.
Pathological Bone Fractures - Answer bone breaks because of underlying disease that has
weakened the bone
Stress Bone Fractures - Answer bone placed under extreme or unusual forces, MVA, falls,
sports injuries are examples
Open Fracture - Answer broken bone end protrudes through skin
closed fracture - Answer no penetration of skin
comminuted fracture - Answer multiple bone fragments
linear fracture - Answer along long axis of bone
oblique fracture - Answer at an angle to long axis of bone
impacted fracture - Answer fragments pushed into each other
spiral fracture - Answer break forms twisted line, torque on bone, spiral fracture of tibia is a
common ski injury
transverse fracture - Answer across the long axis
greenstick fracture - Answer partial break
transchondral fracture - Answer through cartilage or growth plate
bone reduction - Answer realign bone fragments to their normal anatomic position
callus formation - Answer healing of fractures, takes from weeks up to 6 months, phagocytes
remove cellular debris, osteoblasts synthesize collagen and matrix which mineralizes into a
callus
, remodeling - Answer healing of fractures, takes several months, callus is replaced with
trabeculae (spongy bone), spongy bone is replaced with compact bone
subluxation - Answer partial loss of contact between articular surfaces
dislocation - Answer complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
sprain - Answer a partial tear of a ligament (at a joint), common in the wrist, elbow, ankle
and knee
strain - Answer a partial tear of a muscle or its tendon (which can also transverse a joint),
sudden forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity
(local muscle damage)
avulsion - Answer separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment
tendinopathy - Answer any disease of a tendon, slow to heal, normal organized collagen
replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen
epicondylopathy - Answer a type of tendinopathy, where it attaches to a bony epicondyle
such as those on the humerus, radius, and ulna
septic bursitis - Answer caused by a wound infection
rhabdomyolysis - Answer rapid breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle damage, muscle
injury, electric shock, heat stroke, drugs (especially statins) malignant hyperthermia, release of
intracellular contents,
malignant hyperthermia - Answer genetic disease that causes a very rapid rise in body
temperature in susceptible individuals exposed to certain anesthetics
myoglobinuria - Answer dark urine, causes acute renal failure due to precipitated myoglobin
obstructing the renal tubules
compartment syndrome - Answer result of increased pressure with a muscle compartment,
fibrous deep fascia surrounds muscle tissue and separates the muscles into compartments.
Increased pressure in a compartment results in diminished capillary blood flow, tissue hypoxia,
and necrosis
(Musculoskeletal) Questions All
Solved Correct 2025/2026 Updated.
Pathological Bone Fractures - Answer bone breaks because of underlying disease that has
weakened the bone
Stress Bone Fractures - Answer bone placed under extreme or unusual forces, MVA, falls,
sports injuries are examples
Open Fracture - Answer broken bone end protrudes through skin
closed fracture - Answer no penetration of skin
comminuted fracture - Answer multiple bone fragments
linear fracture - Answer along long axis of bone
oblique fracture - Answer at an angle to long axis of bone
impacted fracture - Answer fragments pushed into each other
spiral fracture - Answer break forms twisted line, torque on bone, spiral fracture of tibia is a
common ski injury
transverse fracture - Answer across the long axis
greenstick fracture - Answer partial break
transchondral fracture - Answer through cartilage or growth plate
bone reduction - Answer realign bone fragments to their normal anatomic position
callus formation - Answer healing of fractures, takes from weeks up to 6 months, phagocytes
remove cellular debris, osteoblasts synthesize collagen and matrix which mineralizes into a
callus
, remodeling - Answer healing of fractures, takes several months, callus is replaced with
trabeculae (spongy bone), spongy bone is replaced with compact bone
subluxation - Answer partial loss of contact between articular surfaces
dislocation - Answer complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
sprain - Answer a partial tear of a ligament (at a joint), common in the wrist, elbow, ankle
and knee
strain - Answer a partial tear of a muscle or its tendon (which can also transverse a joint),
sudden forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity
(local muscle damage)
avulsion - Answer separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment
tendinopathy - Answer any disease of a tendon, slow to heal, normal organized collagen
replaced with weaker, disorganized collagen
epicondylopathy - Answer a type of tendinopathy, where it attaches to a bony epicondyle
such as those on the humerus, radius, and ulna
septic bursitis - Answer caused by a wound infection
rhabdomyolysis - Answer rapid breakdown of muscle due to severe muscle damage, muscle
injury, electric shock, heat stroke, drugs (especially statins) malignant hyperthermia, release of
intracellular contents,
malignant hyperthermia - Answer genetic disease that causes a very rapid rise in body
temperature in susceptible individuals exposed to certain anesthetics
myoglobinuria - Answer dark urine, causes acute renal failure due to precipitated myoglobin
obstructing the renal tubules
compartment syndrome - Answer result of increased pressure with a muscle compartment,
fibrous deep fascia surrounds muscle tissue and separates the muscles into compartments.
Increased pressure in a compartment results in diminished capillary blood flow, tissue hypoxia,
and necrosis
