HOSA Pathophysiology - Circulatory
and Lymphatic Systems Final Exam
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Lupus - Answer Description: Chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the
body including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain. 90% of patients are
women and diagnosis usually occurs between 15-44 years old.
4 types: systemic, cutaneous, drug-induced, neonatal
Etiology: Idiopathic(environmental and genetic factors may play a role)
Signs and symptoms: Grow severe before menstrual periods or during pregnancy, which
suggests that estrogen may in some way influence the progression of lupus.
Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, complete blood count, urinalysis, autoantibody
testing, measurement of general levels of inflammation, biopsy
Treatment: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal
antibody therapy
Prevention: Not preventable
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) - Answer - 70% of people with lupus have SLE. Many
body systems can be involved.
- Around half of SLE patients develop severe disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain.
- Signs and symptoms: Fatigue, arthritis, fever, butterfly rash across cheeks and nose,
photosensitivity, and mouth or nose ulcers. Fingers could turn white and/or blue when cold
(secondary Raynaud's phenomenon).
cutaneous or discoid lupus - Answer - Accounts for around 10% of all lupus cases
- Sign and symptoms: Many types of rashes and lesions are caused, with the most common rash
being red, scaly, and raised but not itchy. This is known as a discoid rash because the area is
circular. Patients may have a butterfly rash across cheeks and nose. Rashes and lesions may
appear on the face, necl, scalp, mouth, nose, or vagina.
- Around 10% of cutaneous lupus patients will develop SLE.
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE) - Answer - Can be brought up by more than 70
different drugs. Medications include hydralazine, procainamide, and quinidine.
- Accounts for 10% of lupus cases.
- Signs and symptoms similar to SLE, however, DILE rarely affects organs. Sign and symptoms
disappear within days to months after discontinuation of the drug.
,Neonatal Lupus - Answer - A rare condition acquired from the maternal autoantibodies
which can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus & newborn.
- Characterized by a rash that appears within several weeks of life and persists about 6 months
before disappearing.
Scleroderma - Answer Description: A chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue.
Scleroderma is 4 times more common in women than men and the average age of diagnosis is
in the 40s. Two major forms of scleroderma: local scleroderma (LSc) and sclerosis scleroderma
(SSc).
Etiology: Idiopathic, but immune, genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors play a role.
Signs and symptoms: Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, thickening and tightening of the skin,
pain in two or more joints, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath.
Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, autoantibody testing, biopsy
Treatment: Has no cure. NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and vasodilators.
Prevention: Not preventable.
Patient teachings: Should avoid exposure to cold and stress. exercise to help keep skin and joints
flexible, eat small frequent meals, protect their skin, and moisturize the skin frequently.
Local scleroderma (LSc) - Answer - The more common form of the two major forms of
scleroderma.
- Affects only the skin. Often appears in the form of waxy patches (morphea) or streaks on the
skin (linear scleroderma).
- Tend to regress or stop progressing without treatment. Can be progressive and disfiguring
requiring treatment to control disease activity.
- Patients have a normal lifespan.
Sclerosis scleroderma (SSc) - Answer - Classified into two subsets based on the extent of skin
tightening: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc).
- In lcSSc, skin tightening is confined to fingers, hands, and arms below the elbow. May involve
tightening of skin on the feet and legs below the knees.
- In dcSSc, the areas affected are similar to lcSSc plus skin on the trunk, above the elbows, and
on the knees are affected.
- Both affect internal organs; dcSSc patients are at a greater risk for significant organ
dysfunction.
- 10-year survival rate:
71% for lcSSc
21% for dcSSc
Sjogren's Syndrome - Answer Description: A chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease
that affects the exocrine(moisture-producing) glands of the body. 90% of patients are women.
,Half the cases are called primary Sjogren's syndrome; the other half is called secondary
Sjogren's syndrome because it occurs along with another disease such as rheumatoid arthritis,
lupus, or scleroderma. Sjogren's may cause complications in the kidneys, GI system, blood
vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and central nervous system.
Etiology: Idiopathic; Genetic factors, hormones, and environmental triggers such as viral
infections play a role. Sjogren's often affects women during their childbearing years, which
suggest a link between the syndrome and estrogen.
Signs and symptoms: Dry eyes and mouth. Sjogren's syndrome often goes undiagnosed or
misdiagnosed because its signs and symptoms mimic those of menopause, drug side effects, or
diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis.
Diagnosis: Average time from signs and symptoms to diagnosis is nearly 7 years. Medical history,
physical exam, tear and saliva tests, autoantibody testing, biopsy.
Treatment: Has no cure. OTC and prescriptions for dry eyes and mouth, NSAIDs, corticosteroids,
immunosuppressive drugs.
Prevention: Not preventable
Allergy (hypersensitivity) - Answer An extreme immune response to a harmless antigen.
- Normally harmless antigen that causes an allergic response is called an allergen.
Types of Hypersensitivity - Answer Type 1- Immediate
Type 2-Cytotoxic
Type 3- Immune-complex
Type 4- Delayed
Type I hypersensitivity - Answer Most common type of allergy, occurs rapidly; local allergy
IgE antibody releases histamine
Example: allergic reaction to pollen
- May cause a systemic, acute allergic response (anaphylaxis)
- Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis: Sudden drop in blood pressure, narrowing of the airways,
rapid and weak pulse, hives, and nausea and vomiting.
Treatment of anaphylaxis: Antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine.
Type II hypersensitivity - Answer Called cytotoxic due to IgM or IgG causing the destruction
of cells.
Example: incompatible blood transfusion.
Type III hypersensitivity - Answer - Involves antigens combining with many antibodies in the
blood, forming a soluble mass of antigens and antibodies known as immune complexes.
, - They deposit in tissues and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue
destruction.
- After a streptococcal infection, immune-complexes composed of streptococcal antigens and
antibodies might form in the kidneys, where they cause the inflammatory disease
glomerulonephritis.
Type IV hypersensitivity - Answer Called delayed hypersensitivities because they take time to
develop following exposure to an allergen.
Delayed hypersensitivity includes the skin reaction to poison ivy or poison oak, contact
dermatitis from wearing latex gloves, and the TB skin test.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Answer Description: A disease of the immune
system characterized by a reduction in the number of helper T cells and an increased
susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. HIV infects 7,000 people every day,
and 34 million people have HIV/AIDS, 68% of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa. Risk factors
include unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, having another STI, IV drug use, being
uncircumcised, and being born to an infected mother.
Etiology: HIV
Signs and symptoms: Primary HIV - flu-like illness, Clinically asymptomatic stage - None,
Symptomatic stage - Diarrhea, fever or night sweats, fatigue or joint pain, oral infection,
enlarged lymph nodes, skin problems, AIDS - One of the AIDS indicator diseases, helper T cell
count of less than 200.
Diagnosis: HIV+, AIDS indicator disease, helper T cell count less than 200
Treatment: ART therapy
Prevention: Abstinence, monogamy, condom use, male circumcision, sterile needles and
syringes for each injection for IV drug use, testing and counseling for HIV, ART therapy
Stages of HIV - Answer Stage 1 - primary HIV stage, lasts a few weeks, and is accompanied by
a short flu-like illness.
Stage 2 - The clinically asymptomatic stage, lasts an average of 10 years, patients don't have
symptoms but continue to transmit the infection, and HIV continues to multiply, infecting and
killing helper T cells.
Stage 3 - Called symptomatic HIV, and the patient has not developed AIDS. Signs and symptoms
include diarrhea, fever or night sweats, fatigue or joint pain, oral infections, enlarged lymph
nodes, and skin problems; they can last for several years.
Stage 4 - Final stage, progression from HIV to AIDS, and the patient has one of the AIDS
indicator diseases and a helper T cell count of less than 200. AIDS-indicator diseases are
infections that do not normally occur in a person protected by a healthy immune system.
Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answer Description: A cancer of the immune system. Hodgkin's
lymphoma is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 40 and after the age of 55.
It's marked by the presence of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Hodgkin lymphoma has a variety of
and Lymphatic Systems Final Exam
and All Correct Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
Lupus - Answer Description: Chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the
body including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain. 90% of patients are
women and diagnosis usually occurs between 15-44 years old.
4 types: systemic, cutaneous, drug-induced, neonatal
Etiology: Idiopathic(environmental and genetic factors may play a role)
Signs and symptoms: Grow severe before menstrual periods or during pregnancy, which
suggests that estrogen may in some way influence the progression of lupus.
Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, complete blood count, urinalysis, autoantibody
testing, measurement of general levels of inflammation, biopsy
Treatment: NSAIDs, corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, monoclonal
antibody therapy
Prevention: Not preventable
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) - Answer - 70% of people with lupus have SLE. Many
body systems can be involved.
- Around half of SLE patients develop severe disease of the heart, lungs, kidneys, or brain.
- Signs and symptoms: Fatigue, arthritis, fever, butterfly rash across cheeks and nose,
photosensitivity, and mouth or nose ulcers. Fingers could turn white and/or blue when cold
(secondary Raynaud's phenomenon).
cutaneous or discoid lupus - Answer - Accounts for around 10% of all lupus cases
- Sign and symptoms: Many types of rashes and lesions are caused, with the most common rash
being red, scaly, and raised but not itchy. This is known as a discoid rash because the area is
circular. Patients may have a butterfly rash across cheeks and nose. Rashes and lesions may
appear on the face, necl, scalp, mouth, nose, or vagina.
- Around 10% of cutaneous lupus patients will develop SLE.
Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus (DILE) - Answer - Can be brought up by more than 70
different drugs. Medications include hydralazine, procainamide, and quinidine.
- Accounts for 10% of lupus cases.
- Signs and symptoms similar to SLE, however, DILE rarely affects organs. Sign and symptoms
disappear within days to months after discontinuation of the drug.
,Neonatal Lupus - Answer - A rare condition acquired from the maternal autoantibodies
which can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus & newborn.
- Characterized by a rash that appears within several weeks of life and persists about 6 months
before disappearing.
Scleroderma - Answer Description: A chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue.
Scleroderma is 4 times more common in women than men and the average age of diagnosis is
in the 40s. Two major forms of scleroderma: local scleroderma (LSc) and sclerosis scleroderma
(SSc).
Etiology: Idiopathic, but immune, genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors play a role.
Signs and symptoms: Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, thickening and tightening of the skin,
pain in two or more joints, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath.
Diagnosis: Medical history, physical exam, autoantibody testing, biopsy
Treatment: Has no cure. NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and vasodilators.
Prevention: Not preventable.
Patient teachings: Should avoid exposure to cold and stress. exercise to help keep skin and joints
flexible, eat small frequent meals, protect their skin, and moisturize the skin frequently.
Local scleroderma (LSc) - Answer - The more common form of the two major forms of
scleroderma.
- Affects only the skin. Often appears in the form of waxy patches (morphea) or streaks on the
skin (linear scleroderma).
- Tend to regress or stop progressing without treatment. Can be progressive and disfiguring
requiring treatment to control disease activity.
- Patients have a normal lifespan.
Sclerosis scleroderma (SSc) - Answer - Classified into two subsets based on the extent of skin
tightening: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc).
- In lcSSc, skin tightening is confined to fingers, hands, and arms below the elbow. May involve
tightening of skin on the feet and legs below the knees.
- In dcSSc, the areas affected are similar to lcSSc plus skin on the trunk, above the elbows, and
on the knees are affected.
- Both affect internal organs; dcSSc patients are at a greater risk for significant organ
dysfunction.
- 10-year survival rate:
71% for lcSSc
21% for dcSSc
Sjogren's Syndrome - Answer Description: A chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease
that affects the exocrine(moisture-producing) glands of the body. 90% of patients are women.
,Half the cases are called primary Sjogren's syndrome; the other half is called secondary
Sjogren's syndrome because it occurs along with another disease such as rheumatoid arthritis,
lupus, or scleroderma. Sjogren's may cause complications in the kidneys, GI system, blood
vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and central nervous system.
Etiology: Idiopathic; Genetic factors, hormones, and environmental triggers such as viral
infections play a role. Sjogren's often affects women during their childbearing years, which
suggest a link between the syndrome and estrogen.
Signs and symptoms: Dry eyes and mouth. Sjogren's syndrome often goes undiagnosed or
misdiagnosed because its signs and symptoms mimic those of menopause, drug side effects, or
diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis.
Diagnosis: Average time from signs and symptoms to diagnosis is nearly 7 years. Medical history,
physical exam, tear and saliva tests, autoantibody testing, biopsy.
Treatment: Has no cure. OTC and prescriptions for dry eyes and mouth, NSAIDs, corticosteroids,
immunosuppressive drugs.
Prevention: Not preventable
Allergy (hypersensitivity) - Answer An extreme immune response to a harmless antigen.
- Normally harmless antigen that causes an allergic response is called an allergen.
Types of Hypersensitivity - Answer Type 1- Immediate
Type 2-Cytotoxic
Type 3- Immune-complex
Type 4- Delayed
Type I hypersensitivity - Answer Most common type of allergy, occurs rapidly; local allergy
IgE antibody releases histamine
Example: allergic reaction to pollen
- May cause a systemic, acute allergic response (anaphylaxis)
- Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis: Sudden drop in blood pressure, narrowing of the airways,
rapid and weak pulse, hives, and nausea and vomiting.
Treatment of anaphylaxis: Antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine.
Type II hypersensitivity - Answer Called cytotoxic due to IgM or IgG causing the destruction
of cells.
Example: incompatible blood transfusion.
Type III hypersensitivity - Answer - Involves antigens combining with many antibodies in the
blood, forming a soluble mass of antigens and antibodies known as immune complexes.
, - They deposit in tissues and blood vessels where they trigger inflammation and tissue
destruction.
- After a streptococcal infection, immune-complexes composed of streptococcal antigens and
antibodies might form in the kidneys, where they cause the inflammatory disease
glomerulonephritis.
Type IV hypersensitivity - Answer Called delayed hypersensitivities because they take time to
develop following exposure to an allergen.
Delayed hypersensitivity includes the skin reaction to poison ivy or poison oak, contact
dermatitis from wearing latex gloves, and the TB skin test.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Answer Description: A disease of the immune
system characterized by a reduction in the number of helper T cells and an increased
susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. HIV infects 7,000 people every day,
and 34 million people have HIV/AIDS, 68% of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa. Risk factors
include unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, having another STI, IV drug use, being
uncircumcised, and being born to an infected mother.
Etiology: HIV
Signs and symptoms: Primary HIV - flu-like illness, Clinically asymptomatic stage - None,
Symptomatic stage - Diarrhea, fever or night sweats, fatigue or joint pain, oral infection,
enlarged lymph nodes, skin problems, AIDS - One of the AIDS indicator diseases, helper T cell
count of less than 200.
Diagnosis: HIV+, AIDS indicator disease, helper T cell count less than 200
Treatment: ART therapy
Prevention: Abstinence, monogamy, condom use, male circumcision, sterile needles and
syringes for each injection for IV drug use, testing and counseling for HIV, ART therapy
Stages of HIV - Answer Stage 1 - primary HIV stage, lasts a few weeks, and is accompanied by
a short flu-like illness.
Stage 2 - The clinically asymptomatic stage, lasts an average of 10 years, patients don't have
symptoms but continue to transmit the infection, and HIV continues to multiply, infecting and
killing helper T cells.
Stage 3 - Called symptomatic HIV, and the patient has not developed AIDS. Signs and symptoms
include diarrhea, fever or night sweats, fatigue or joint pain, oral infections, enlarged lymph
nodes, and skin problems; they can last for several years.
Stage 4 - Final stage, progression from HIV to AIDS, and the patient has one of the AIDS
indicator diseases and a helper T cell count of less than 200. AIDS-indicator diseases are
infections that do not normally occur in a person protected by a healthy immune system.
Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answer Description: A cancer of the immune system. Hodgkin's
lymphoma is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 40 and after the age of 55.
It's marked by the presence of the Reed-Sternberg cell. Hodgkin lymphoma has a variety of
