NFS284 Final Exam Questions with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
microbiota/ intestinal microflora/microbiome - Answer -in the large intestine where slow
movement of food occurs
-this favors the growth of bacteria= microbiota
-it could breakdown indigestible food components such as dietary fibre through fermentation
producing intestinal gas
probiotic - Answer live bacterial culture which may be beneficial for health
-in our gut, we have both healthy and disease-causing bacteria but the disease causing bacteria
is kept in check due to competition with healthy bacteria for nutrients and space. This could be
maintained by consuming probiotics
-added to foods such as probiotic yogurt
-have to be consumed on a continual basis in order to be beneficial because they are quickly
eliminated
-ie bifidobacterium and lactobacillus (converts lactose into lactic acid)
-in canada, specific names of the probiotic used needs to be listed in the ingredients and a
nutrient function claim for the probiotics
prebiotic - Answer indigestible carbs in fruits and vegetables
-also added to foods in purified form (ie inulin)
-help to support the growth of beneficial microflora
diseases associated with dysbiosis/ diseases of the digestive system - Answer -irritable bowel
syndrome (dysfunctional muscular contraction in the intestines resulting in bloating, gas,
diarrhea, constipation)
-inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)- -may cause blood diarrhea and
abdominal pain that may prevent the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients and the
proper elimination of wastes
-celiac disease
-association was demonstrated through an observational study
healthy vs altered gut environment - Answer health gut
-healthy level of inflammation
,-healthy immune system
-healthy epithelial layer
- characterized by diversity (ie a large variety of microbes) whose composition remains stable,
despite environmental changes affecting the human host
-the health-promoting bacteria secrete beneficial bioactive compounds that are absorbed by
the colonocytes and may enter the bloodstream to impact organs and systems beyond the gut.
This also keeps the epithelial layer strong
-the colonocytes (epithelial layer of the large intestine) are held together by tight junctions=
proper barrier preventing unhealthy bacteria from getting into the lumen of the large intestine
altered gut
-excess inflammation
-altered immune function
-damaged epithelial layer
-the epithelial layer is leaky allowing bacteria to enter the lumen of the large intestine and
cause disease
- unhealthy bacteria secrete compounds that increase inflammation and compromise the
immune and barrier functions of the digestive tract, allow
colostrum - Answer breast milk produced during the first week after delivery
(thicker and yellowish)
-composition varies from mature breast milk
-it contains immune factors that help protect the infant from infection particularly in the GI tract
(IgA antibodies). The antibodies pass from the mother's blood into the milk
main carb in breast milk - Answer lactose
-behaves like a prebiotic, promoting the growth of lactobacillus bifidus (converts lactose into
lactic acid)
-this reduces the risk of GI infections in the infant's gut
fat in breast milk - Answer very high in fat (52% kcal- the AMDR for adults: 20-35%)
-fat is a high energy source- (give most calories to support the fastest growth rate during life)
digestion of proteins in the infants digestive tract - Answer -it is compatible with the
composition of breast milk
-not born with a gut microbiota
Protein
,-infants are unable to absorb some proteins which in the adult are broken down into aa
-to digest other milk proteins infant stomach produces rennin which is absent in adults
-antibodies are absorbed intact which enhances the infant's immune system. The antibodies is
based on the mother's immune system which is based on where the mother lives as this is what
she is exposed to. Formula doesn't contain this
digestion of fats in the infants digestive tract - Answer gastric lipase plays a more important
role in the digestion of fat in the infant than the adult
-begins the digestion of the fats in human milk.
-pancreatic digestive enzymes do most of the fat digestion in adults but they are present in
lower levels in the infant
digestion of carbs in the infants digestive tract - Answer no starch in milk= low amylase in the
infant gut (it breaks down strach)
-large amount of lactase present in brush border- therefore it is rare for an infant to be lactose
intolerant
-the production of lactase declines with age= lactose intolerance (especially if milk is not
common in their diet). This occurs because we drink less milk as we age, meaning there is less
lactase
symptoms of food borne illness - Answer Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal
cramps, headache
how do microbes make you sick when you ingest them with food - Answer 1. Food infection
-ingestion of the living microbes
2. Food intoxication
-ingestion of toxins secreted by microbes
-can occur even after all microbes are killed by heat treatment if toxin is heat-resistant
gastric dumping syndrome - Answer food going directly from the stomach to the small
intestine- the sphincter is bypassed
-if too much food is consumed and enters the small intestine rapidly then water moves with it
by osmosis from the body into the lumen of the gut as the dumped food is a region of high
solute concentration
-symptoms: dizziness, nausea, diarrhea
-regions form which vitamins and minerals are absorbed are bypassed so supplements or
vitamin injections are required to prevent deficiency
, gastric bypass surgery - Answer -done when there is extreme case of obesity
-reduces the size of the stomach
-shortens the length of the intestines so less food is absorbed
-very effective for weight loss
-may cause gastric dumping syndrome
suckling reflex of infants - Answer allows infants to draw liquid from the nipple placed
towards the back of the mouth
-needed as infants are unable to consume solid food for the first six months of life
-it is not possible to spoon feed a newborn as this suckling reflex causes a spoon placed at the
front of the mouth to be pushed out by the tongue
-reflex diminishes at 4-6 months of age and teeth begin to grow in, allowing the introduction of
solid food
-until 6 months of age, health canada recommends that infants are exclusively breastfed and
supplemented with Vit D needed for calcium reabsorption to grow bones. If not possible,
formula could be used
-formula is formulated to be as close as possible to breast milk in nutrient composition but it
cannot duplicate the immune factors of breast milk. it also contains vit D
factors the influence breastfeeding (exclusive breast feeding is most common in) - Answer
mothers with partners
non smoking mothers
women who gave birth at home
non working mothers
danger zone for temperature - Answer this zone allow rapid bacterial growth and production
of bacterial toxins
food should be allows to range in this temperature for only a minimal amount of time
-between 60 C- 4 C
pharynx - Answer -food and liquid pass through the pharynx on their way to the stomach
and air passes here on its way to and from the lungs
-responsible for swallowing
-connects the nasal passages and mouth to the respiratory passages and esophagus
-While we are swallowing (involuntary action once it starts), the air passages to the lung are
blocked by the epiglottis (flap, prevents food from entering the lungs). Choking occurs if the
epiglottis does not close)
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
microbiota/ intestinal microflora/microbiome - Answer -in the large intestine where slow
movement of food occurs
-this favors the growth of bacteria= microbiota
-it could breakdown indigestible food components such as dietary fibre through fermentation
producing intestinal gas
probiotic - Answer live bacterial culture which may be beneficial for health
-in our gut, we have both healthy and disease-causing bacteria but the disease causing bacteria
is kept in check due to competition with healthy bacteria for nutrients and space. This could be
maintained by consuming probiotics
-added to foods such as probiotic yogurt
-have to be consumed on a continual basis in order to be beneficial because they are quickly
eliminated
-ie bifidobacterium and lactobacillus (converts lactose into lactic acid)
-in canada, specific names of the probiotic used needs to be listed in the ingredients and a
nutrient function claim for the probiotics
prebiotic - Answer indigestible carbs in fruits and vegetables
-also added to foods in purified form (ie inulin)
-help to support the growth of beneficial microflora
diseases associated with dysbiosis/ diseases of the digestive system - Answer -irritable bowel
syndrome (dysfunctional muscular contraction in the intestines resulting in bloating, gas,
diarrhea, constipation)
-inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)- -may cause blood diarrhea and
abdominal pain that may prevent the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients and the
proper elimination of wastes
-celiac disease
-association was demonstrated through an observational study
healthy vs altered gut environment - Answer health gut
-healthy level of inflammation
,-healthy immune system
-healthy epithelial layer
- characterized by diversity (ie a large variety of microbes) whose composition remains stable,
despite environmental changes affecting the human host
-the health-promoting bacteria secrete beneficial bioactive compounds that are absorbed by
the colonocytes and may enter the bloodstream to impact organs and systems beyond the gut.
This also keeps the epithelial layer strong
-the colonocytes (epithelial layer of the large intestine) are held together by tight junctions=
proper barrier preventing unhealthy bacteria from getting into the lumen of the large intestine
altered gut
-excess inflammation
-altered immune function
-damaged epithelial layer
-the epithelial layer is leaky allowing bacteria to enter the lumen of the large intestine and
cause disease
- unhealthy bacteria secrete compounds that increase inflammation and compromise the
immune and barrier functions of the digestive tract, allow
colostrum - Answer breast milk produced during the first week after delivery
(thicker and yellowish)
-composition varies from mature breast milk
-it contains immune factors that help protect the infant from infection particularly in the GI tract
(IgA antibodies). The antibodies pass from the mother's blood into the milk
main carb in breast milk - Answer lactose
-behaves like a prebiotic, promoting the growth of lactobacillus bifidus (converts lactose into
lactic acid)
-this reduces the risk of GI infections in the infant's gut
fat in breast milk - Answer very high in fat (52% kcal- the AMDR for adults: 20-35%)
-fat is a high energy source- (give most calories to support the fastest growth rate during life)
digestion of proteins in the infants digestive tract - Answer -it is compatible with the
composition of breast milk
-not born with a gut microbiota
Protein
,-infants are unable to absorb some proteins which in the adult are broken down into aa
-to digest other milk proteins infant stomach produces rennin which is absent in adults
-antibodies are absorbed intact which enhances the infant's immune system. The antibodies is
based on the mother's immune system which is based on where the mother lives as this is what
she is exposed to. Formula doesn't contain this
digestion of fats in the infants digestive tract - Answer gastric lipase plays a more important
role in the digestion of fat in the infant than the adult
-begins the digestion of the fats in human milk.
-pancreatic digestive enzymes do most of the fat digestion in adults but they are present in
lower levels in the infant
digestion of carbs in the infants digestive tract - Answer no starch in milk= low amylase in the
infant gut (it breaks down strach)
-large amount of lactase present in brush border- therefore it is rare for an infant to be lactose
intolerant
-the production of lactase declines with age= lactose intolerance (especially if milk is not
common in their diet). This occurs because we drink less milk as we age, meaning there is less
lactase
symptoms of food borne illness - Answer Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, nausea, abdominal
cramps, headache
how do microbes make you sick when you ingest them with food - Answer 1. Food infection
-ingestion of the living microbes
2. Food intoxication
-ingestion of toxins secreted by microbes
-can occur even after all microbes are killed by heat treatment if toxin is heat-resistant
gastric dumping syndrome - Answer food going directly from the stomach to the small
intestine- the sphincter is bypassed
-if too much food is consumed and enters the small intestine rapidly then water moves with it
by osmosis from the body into the lumen of the gut as the dumped food is a region of high
solute concentration
-symptoms: dizziness, nausea, diarrhea
-regions form which vitamins and minerals are absorbed are bypassed so supplements or
vitamin injections are required to prevent deficiency
, gastric bypass surgery - Answer -done when there is extreme case of obesity
-reduces the size of the stomach
-shortens the length of the intestines so less food is absorbed
-very effective for weight loss
-may cause gastric dumping syndrome
suckling reflex of infants - Answer allows infants to draw liquid from the nipple placed
towards the back of the mouth
-needed as infants are unable to consume solid food for the first six months of life
-it is not possible to spoon feed a newborn as this suckling reflex causes a spoon placed at the
front of the mouth to be pushed out by the tongue
-reflex diminishes at 4-6 months of age and teeth begin to grow in, allowing the introduction of
solid food
-until 6 months of age, health canada recommends that infants are exclusively breastfed and
supplemented with Vit D needed for calcium reabsorption to grow bones. If not possible,
formula could be used
-formula is formulated to be as close as possible to breast milk in nutrient composition but it
cannot duplicate the immune factors of breast milk. it also contains vit D
factors the influence breastfeeding (exclusive breast feeding is most common in) - Answer
mothers with partners
non smoking mothers
women who gave birth at home
non working mothers
danger zone for temperature - Answer this zone allow rapid bacterial growth and production
of bacterial toxins
food should be allows to range in this temperature for only a minimal amount of time
-between 60 C- 4 C
pharynx - Answer -food and liquid pass through the pharynx on their way to the stomach
and air passes here on its way to and from the lungs
-responsible for swallowing
-connects the nasal passages and mouth to the respiratory passages and esophagus
-While we are swallowing (involuntary action once it starts), the air passages to the lung are
blocked by the epiglottis (flap, prevents food from entering the lungs). Choking occurs if the
epiglottis does not close)
