ORTHOTICS CPM EXAMS STUDY BUNDLE 2026
ACTUAL TEST PAPERS COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED
◉ KAFO: Knee joint too distal. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior distal
and posterior proximal thigh
2. thigh band shifts proximal
3. cant rotate as much as anatomical knee
◉ KAFO: knee joint too proximal. Answer: 1. pressure at posterior
distal and anterior proximal of thigh
2. thigh band shifts distal
3. bends too much
◉ KAFO: knee joint too posterior. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior
proximal and posterior distal thigh
2. orthosis shifts proximally
◉ KAFO: knee joint too anterior. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior distal
and proximal posterior thigh
2. orthosis shifts distally
◉ KAFO: proper knee joint location. Answer: 1. bisection of adductor
tubercle and medial tibial plateau
,2. 60:40 anterior: posterior
◉ KAFO Trimlines:. Answer: 1. medial proximal 30 mm distal to
perinneum
2. proximal lateral distal to greater trochanter
3. proximal posterior thigh set at 15 deg slant connecting lateral to
medial
4. popliteal region allows 105 deg knee flexion
◉ KAFO knee joint clearances. Answer: 6mm medial 3 mm lateral
◉ KAFO ankle clearances. Answer: 6 mm medial and 5 mm lateral
◉ KAFO analysis. Answer: 1. Correct side and foot plate
2. proper strapping materials
3. plastic thickness
4. rivets-- speedy rivets not durable for attaching metal uprights
5. plastazote /p-cell packs down quickly
6. check measurements
7. Check proper ankle and knee joints
8. If KAFO doesn't meet patient's needs do not deliver
,◉ KAFO : varus moment control. Answer: AFO section: 3 pt pressure 1)
prox medial (medial chafe at tibial strap) 2) proximal lateral malleoli
(lateral flange) 3) 1st met head (encompass)
◉ KAFO hyperextension control after delivery. Answer: 1) add padding
to calf section
2) increase dorsiassist power (stiffer joints, adjust double action)
3) increase plantarflexion resistance (pf stop, adjust double action)
4) add heel wedge to AFO
◉ KAFO joints that prevent hyperextension (without limiting ADLs).
Answer: 1. posterior offset
◉ KAFO correct genuvarum/genuvalgum after delivery. Answer: 1. add
pull strap proximal and distal to the knee joint so line of pull corrects
deformity
2. add padding proximal and distal to KC (if valgus add padding
medially, and if varus add padding laterally) to increase corrective force
◉ KAFO: pain at at posterior distal thigh indicates what?. Answer: knee
joint is too proximal
◉ KAFO: pain at anterior distal thigh and posterior proximal thigh
indicates what?. Answer: knee joint is too distal
, ◉ KAFO: what may be the issue if knee joints will not fully lock?.
Answer: 1. drop locks may be upside down
2. mechanical KC not aligned with anatomical KC
3. The joints are not squared properly
4. excursion length are uneven
◉ Scenario: pt with metal and leather KAFO with drop locks and double
action ankle joints feels unsteady and trips easily going down ramps.
what adjustments?. Answer: 1. allow more plantarflexion at the ankle
2. provide dorsiassist with a spring in the posterior channel (will resist pf
and smooth the foot flat transition)
3. add cushioned heel to shoe
◉ AFO 3 point force system for dorsiflexion weakness (resist PF in
swing):. Answer: 1. anteriorly directed force at posterior calf
2. posterior and distal force at dorsum of ankle (shoe, instep strap)
3. superiorly directed force at met heads (foot plate)
◉ AFO 3 point force system for plantarflexion weakness (resist DF in
stance):. Answer: 1. posterior directed force at tibia
2. anterior and proximal force at heel
3. distal directed force at met heads
ACTUAL TEST PAPERS COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED
◉ KAFO: Knee joint too distal. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior distal
and posterior proximal thigh
2. thigh band shifts proximal
3. cant rotate as much as anatomical knee
◉ KAFO: knee joint too proximal. Answer: 1. pressure at posterior
distal and anterior proximal of thigh
2. thigh band shifts distal
3. bends too much
◉ KAFO: knee joint too posterior. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior
proximal and posterior distal thigh
2. orthosis shifts proximally
◉ KAFO: knee joint too anterior. Answer: 1. pressure at anterior distal
and proximal posterior thigh
2. orthosis shifts distally
◉ KAFO: proper knee joint location. Answer: 1. bisection of adductor
tubercle and medial tibial plateau
,2. 60:40 anterior: posterior
◉ KAFO Trimlines:. Answer: 1. medial proximal 30 mm distal to
perinneum
2. proximal lateral distal to greater trochanter
3. proximal posterior thigh set at 15 deg slant connecting lateral to
medial
4. popliteal region allows 105 deg knee flexion
◉ KAFO knee joint clearances. Answer: 6mm medial 3 mm lateral
◉ KAFO ankle clearances. Answer: 6 mm medial and 5 mm lateral
◉ KAFO analysis. Answer: 1. Correct side and foot plate
2. proper strapping materials
3. plastic thickness
4. rivets-- speedy rivets not durable for attaching metal uprights
5. plastazote /p-cell packs down quickly
6. check measurements
7. Check proper ankle and knee joints
8. If KAFO doesn't meet patient's needs do not deliver
,◉ KAFO : varus moment control. Answer: AFO section: 3 pt pressure 1)
prox medial (medial chafe at tibial strap) 2) proximal lateral malleoli
(lateral flange) 3) 1st met head (encompass)
◉ KAFO hyperextension control after delivery. Answer: 1) add padding
to calf section
2) increase dorsiassist power (stiffer joints, adjust double action)
3) increase plantarflexion resistance (pf stop, adjust double action)
4) add heel wedge to AFO
◉ KAFO joints that prevent hyperextension (without limiting ADLs).
Answer: 1. posterior offset
◉ KAFO correct genuvarum/genuvalgum after delivery. Answer: 1. add
pull strap proximal and distal to the knee joint so line of pull corrects
deformity
2. add padding proximal and distal to KC (if valgus add padding
medially, and if varus add padding laterally) to increase corrective force
◉ KAFO: pain at at posterior distal thigh indicates what?. Answer: knee
joint is too proximal
◉ KAFO: pain at anterior distal thigh and posterior proximal thigh
indicates what?. Answer: knee joint is too distal
, ◉ KAFO: what may be the issue if knee joints will not fully lock?.
Answer: 1. drop locks may be upside down
2. mechanical KC not aligned with anatomical KC
3. The joints are not squared properly
4. excursion length are uneven
◉ Scenario: pt with metal and leather KAFO with drop locks and double
action ankle joints feels unsteady and trips easily going down ramps.
what adjustments?. Answer: 1. allow more plantarflexion at the ankle
2. provide dorsiassist with a spring in the posterior channel (will resist pf
and smooth the foot flat transition)
3. add cushioned heel to shoe
◉ AFO 3 point force system for dorsiflexion weakness (resist PF in
swing):. Answer: 1. anteriorly directed force at posterior calf
2. posterior and distal force at dorsum of ankle (shoe, instep strap)
3. superiorly directed force at met heads (foot plate)
◉ AFO 3 point force system for plantarflexion weakness (resist DF in
stance):. Answer: 1. posterior directed force at tibia
2. anterior and proximal force at heel
3. distal directed force at met heads
