PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
GUIDE WEEKS 7 TO 11 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Somogyi Effect. Answer: Nocturnal hypoglycemia causing
counter-regulatory hormone surge.
◉ Hyperglycemia Effects. Answer: Intracellular dehydration from
elevated blood glucose.
◉ Hypothyroidism. Answer: High TSH, low T4, associated with
hyponatremia.
◉ Cushing's Syndrome. Answer: Caused by ACTH hypersecretion
from the pituitary.
◉ Diabetes Insipidus (DI). Answer: Excessive thirst due to
inadequate ADH output.
◉ Pheochromocytoma. Answer: Catecholamine release causing rare
serious disease.
,◉ MRI for Knee Pain. Answer: Most appropriate test for chronic
knee issues.
◉ Ankylosing Spondylitis. Answer: Inflammatory arthritis affecting
spine and large joints.
◉ CVA Infarct. Answer: Condition presenting with acute focal
neurological deficits.
◉ Electrocardiogram. Answer: Test for assessing heart function and
rhythm.
◉ CT of Mediastinum. Answer: Imaging to evaluate for thymoma in
myasthenia gravis.
◉ MuSK Receptor Antibodies. Answer: Another antibody test for
myasthenia gravis diagnosis.
◉ Autoimmune disease. Answer: Condition where the immune
system attacks the body.
◉ Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Answer: Autoimmune disorder affecting
nerve conduction.
,◉ Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Answer: Rapid onset muscle weakness
due to nerve damage.
◉ Myasthenia Gravis. Answer: Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular
disease causing weakness.
◉ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Answer: Progressive
neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons.
◉ Seborrheic Keratosis. Answer: Benign skin growth resembling a
stuck-on lesion.
◉ Actinic Keratosis. Answer: Pre-cancerous skin condition from sun
exposure.
◉ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Answer: Nerve compression causing
hand and arm symptoms.
◉ Brown Sequard Syndrome. Answer: Spinal cord injury causing
unilateral symptoms.
◉ Renal Blood Flow. Answer: Decreases by 10% per decade after age
30.
, ◉ Anaerobic Glycolysis. Answer: Energy production without oxygen
during intense exercise.
◉ Action Potential. Answer: Rapid change in membrane potential
due to sodium influx.
◉ Klinefelter Syndrome. Answer: Genetic condition with an XXY
karyotype in males.
◉ Proband. Answer: First diagnosed individual in a genetic study.
◉ Expressivity. Answer: Variation in phenotype among individuals
with the same genotype.
◉ Cirrhosis. Answer: Liver disease affecting cholesterol and oxygen
transport.
◉ Prader-Willi Syndrome. Answer: Genetic disorder due to gene
imprinting.
◉ Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: Genetic disorder caused by autosomal
recessive inheritance.
GUIDE WEEKS 7 TO 11 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Somogyi Effect. Answer: Nocturnal hypoglycemia causing
counter-regulatory hormone surge.
◉ Hyperglycemia Effects. Answer: Intracellular dehydration from
elevated blood glucose.
◉ Hypothyroidism. Answer: High TSH, low T4, associated with
hyponatremia.
◉ Cushing's Syndrome. Answer: Caused by ACTH hypersecretion
from the pituitary.
◉ Diabetes Insipidus (DI). Answer: Excessive thirst due to
inadequate ADH output.
◉ Pheochromocytoma. Answer: Catecholamine release causing rare
serious disease.
,◉ MRI for Knee Pain. Answer: Most appropriate test for chronic
knee issues.
◉ Ankylosing Spondylitis. Answer: Inflammatory arthritis affecting
spine and large joints.
◉ CVA Infarct. Answer: Condition presenting with acute focal
neurological deficits.
◉ Electrocardiogram. Answer: Test for assessing heart function and
rhythm.
◉ CT of Mediastinum. Answer: Imaging to evaluate for thymoma in
myasthenia gravis.
◉ MuSK Receptor Antibodies. Answer: Another antibody test for
myasthenia gravis diagnosis.
◉ Autoimmune disease. Answer: Condition where the immune
system attacks the body.
◉ Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Answer: Autoimmune disorder affecting
nerve conduction.
,◉ Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Answer: Rapid onset muscle weakness
due to nerve damage.
◉ Myasthenia Gravis. Answer: Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular
disease causing weakness.
◉ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Answer: Progressive
neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons.
◉ Seborrheic Keratosis. Answer: Benign skin growth resembling a
stuck-on lesion.
◉ Actinic Keratosis. Answer: Pre-cancerous skin condition from sun
exposure.
◉ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Answer: Nerve compression causing
hand and arm symptoms.
◉ Brown Sequard Syndrome. Answer: Spinal cord injury causing
unilateral symptoms.
◉ Renal Blood Flow. Answer: Decreases by 10% per decade after age
30.
, ◉ Anaerobic Glycolysis. Answer: Energy production without oxygen
during intense exercise.
◉ Action Potential. Answer: Rapid change in membrane potential
due to sodium influx.
◉ Klinefelter Syndrome. Answer: Genetic condition with an XXY
karyotype in males.
◉ Proband. Answer: First diagnosed individual in a genetic study.
◉ Expressivity. Answer: Variation in phenotype among individuals
with the same genotype.
◉ Cirrhosis. Answer: Liver disease affecting cholesterol and oxygen
transport.
◉ Prader-Willi Syndrome. Answer: Genetic disorder due to gene
imprinting.
◉ Cystic Fibrosis. Answer: Genetic disorder caused by autosomal
recessive inheritance.
