PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW
GUIDE WEEKS 7 TO 11 FINAL TEST PAPER 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
A+
◉ Abscess Formation. Answer: Localized collection of pus within
lung tissue.
◉ Recurrent Pneumonia. Answer: Repeated episodes of lung
infection over time.
◉ Pulmonary Fibrosis. Answer: Scarring of lung tissue leading to
breathing difficulties.
◉ Ejection Fraction. Answer: Percentage of blood pumped out of
heart per beat.
◉ Crackles. Answer: Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid or
inflammation.
◉ Dyspnea on Exertion. Answer: Shortness of breath during physical
activity.
,◉ Oxygen Saturation. Answer: Measure of hemoglobin saturation
with oxygen in blood.
◉ Vital Signs. Answer: Key indicators of a patient's health status.
◉ WBC. Answer: White blood cell count; elevated indicates infection.
◉ Hct. Answer: Hematocrit; percentage of red blood cells.
◉ Na. Answer: Sodium level; normal range is 135-145 mEq/L.
◉ Glucose. Answer: Blood sugar level; elevated indicates possible
diabetes.
◉ BUN. Answer: Blood urea nitrogen; assesses kidney function.
◉ Cr. Answer: Creatinine; indicates kidney function status.
◉ Community acquired pneumonia. Answer: Pneumonia acquired
outside of healthcare settings.
◉ Decreased chest wall compliance. Answer: Reduced ability of
chest wall to expand.
,◉ Mean corpuscular volume. Answer: Average volume of red blood
cells; indicates macrocytosis.
◉ COPD guidelines. Answer: GOLD guidelines address COPD
diagnosis and treatment.
◉ Restrictive lung disease. Answer: Condition limiting lung
expansion; affects inhalation.
◉ Chvostek sign. Answer: Facial twitching indicating hypocalcemia.
◉ Pneumocystic pneumonia. Answer: Common infection in AIDS
patients; 80% occurrence.
◉ CD4+ count for AIDS. Answer: Count < 200 cells/mm³ indicates
AIDS.
◉ Benign tumor characteristics. Answer: Well differentiated; grows
slowly and is encapsulated.
◉ Hypertrophied left ventricular wall. Answer: Often caused by
hypertension or chronic stress.
, ◉ Non-classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. Answer: Characterized by
lymphohistiocytic cells in biopsy.
◉ Aspirin effect on homeostasis. Answer: Inhibits platelet
aggregation, affecting clotting.
◉ Treponema pallidum. Answer: Not a pneumonia-causing
organism; syphilis agent.
◉ Acute bronchitis diagnosis. Answer: Primarily diagnosed through
clinical presentation.
◉ Systemic lupus lab result. Answer: Proteinuria and hematuria
indicate kidney involvement.
◉ Variceal bleeding from cirrhosis. Answer: Result of portal
hypertension; leads to hemorrhage.
◉ Microcytic anemia. Answer: Characterized by low MCV; often due
to iron deficiency.
◉ Normocytic anemia. Answer: Normal MCV; indicates chronic
disease or acute blood loss.
GUIDE WEEKS 7 TO 11 FINAL TEST PAPER 2026
FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
A+
◉ Abscess Formation. Answer: Localized collection of pus within
lung tissue.
◉ Recurrent Pneumonia. Answer: Repeated episodes of lung
infection over time.
◉ Pulmonary Fibrosis. Answer: Scarring of lung tissue leading to
breathing difficulties.
◉ Ejection Fraction. Answer: Percentage of blood pumped out of
heart per beat.
◉ Crackles. Answer: Abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid or
inflammation.
◉ Dyspnea on Exertion. Answer: Shortness of breath during physical
activity.
,◉ Oxygen Saturation. Answer: Measure of hemoglobin saturation
with oxygen in blood.
◉ Vital Signs. Answer: Key indicators of a patient's health status.
◉ WBC. Answer: White blood cell count; elevated indicates infection.
◉ Hct. Answer: Hematocrit; percentage of red blood cells.
◉ Na. Answer: Sodium level; normal range is 135-145 mEq/L.
◉ Glucose. Answer: Blood sugar level; elevated indicates possible
diabetes.
◉ BUN. Answer: Blood urea nitrogen; assesses kidney function.
◉ Cr. Answer: Creatinine; indicates kidney function status.
◉ Community acquired pneumonia. Answer: Pneumonia acquired
outside of healthcare settings.
◉ Decreased chest wall compliance. Answer: Reduced ability of
chest wall to expand.
,◉ Mean corpuscular volume. Answer: Average volume of red blood
cells; indicates macrocytosis.
◉ COPD guidelines. Answer: GOLD guidelines address COPD
diagnosis and treatment.
◉ Restrictive lung disease. Answer: Condition limiting lung
expansion; affects inhalation.
◉ Chvostek sign. Answer: Facial twitching indicating hypocalcemia.
◉ Pneumocystic pneumonia. Answer: Common infection in AIDS
patients; 80% occurrence.
◉ CD4+ count for AIDS. Answer: Count < 200 cells/mm³ indicates
AIDS.
◉ Benign tumor characteristics. Answer: Well differentiated; grows
slowly and is encapsulated.
◉ Hypertrophied left ventricular wall. Answer: Often caused by
hypertension or chronic stress.
, ◉ Non-classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. Answer: Characterized by
lymphohistiocytic cells in biopsy.
◉ Aspirin effect on homeostasis. Answer: Inhibits platelet
aggregation, affecting clotting.
◉ Treponema pallidum. Answer: Not a pneumonia-causing
organism; syphilis agent.
◉ Acute bronchitis diagnosis. Answer: Primarily diagnosed through
clinical presentation.
◉ Systemic lupus lab result. Answer: Proteinuria and hematuria
indicate kidney involvement.
◉ Variceal bleeding from cirrhosis. Answer: Result of portal
hypertension; leads to hemorrhage.
◉ Microcytic anemia. Answer: Characterized by low MCV; often due
to iron deficiency.
◉ Normocytic anemia. Answer: Normal MCV; indicates chronic
disease or acute blood loss.
