NUR 6121 EXAM 2 | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
SPRING 2026 UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
In which of the following conditions should the examiner expect the costal angle to
be greater than 90 degrees?
a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
b. Pneumothorax
c. Infant respiratory distress syndrome
d. Atelectasis - ANSWER-a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Which of the following findings indicates respiratory distress in an infant or
toddler?
a. Respiratory rate of 30 breaths/minute
b. Hyperresonance of the chest
c. Observation of sternal retractions with breathing
d. Auscultation of bronchovesicular sounds throughout the lung field - ANSWER-
c. Observation of sternal retractions with breathing
During percussion, the patient is asked to "fold your arms in front of you" in order
to
a. Expose maximum lung area
b. Make the ribs protrude
c. Prevent attacks of coughing
d. Reduce discomfort - ANSWER-a. Expose maximum lung area
Which of the following examination techniques is not typically done when
examining the chest and lungs of a newborn?
a. Palpation
b. Inspection
c. Percussion
d. Auscultation - ANSWER-c. Percussion
The patient tells the examiner, "I have been coughing up a lot of yellowish-green
phlegm." The examiner should suspect
a. Viral infection
b. Tuberculosis
,c. Pulmonary edema
d. Bacterial pneumonia - ANSWER-d. Bacterial pneumonia
To best visualize subtle retractions on a patient, the examiner should
a. Place the patient in a supine position
b. Stand directly behind the patient
c. Ensure that the light source angles toward the patient
d. Position the patient directly under a bright examination light - ANSWER-c.
Ensure that the light source angles toward the patient
Which of the following findings may indicate a pulmonary infection?
a. Malodorous breath
b. Protrusion of the clavicle
c. Clubbing of the nail beds
d. Kussmal respirations - ANSWER-a. Malodorous breath
Which finding is considered unusual for a newborn?
a. Sneezing
b. Coughing
c. Silent hiccupping
d. Nose breathing - ANSWER-b. Coughing
In an older adult, which finding can occur in the absence of a disease as a result of
age-related changes of the chest or lungs?
a. Barrel chest
b. Productive cough
c. Increased vital capacity
d. Pulmonary infiltrate - ANSWER-a. Barrel chest
A newborn infant has a small chest-to-head size ratio. This finding is usually
associated with
a. Maternal diabetes
b. Cocaine use during pregnancy
c. Intrauterine growth restriction
d. A normal variation of chest-to-head ratio - ANSWER-c. Intrauterine growth
restriction
,Hamman sign can best be heard when the patient is
a. In a supine position
b. Laying on the left side
c. Sitting completely upright
d. Positioned with the head elevated 30 degrees - ANSWER-b. Laying on the left
side
9
dementia - ANSWER-disease process marked by progressive cognitive impairment
- alzheimer
- frontotemporal
- lewy body
- vascular
- traumatic brain injury
- substance or medication induced
Alzheimers type - ANSWER-accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases and is the
leading cause of dementia worldwide
Vascular - ANSWER-accounts for 20-30% of dementia cases and it's incidence
increases linearly with age
Lewy body disease - ANSWER-accounts for 10-25% of dementia cases and its
incidence increases linearly with age
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration - ANSWER-accounts fro 10-15% of dementia
cases. Among patients younger than 65, FTD accounts for 20-50% of dementia
cases
dementia can be caused by - ANSWER-Alzheimers
Vascular disease
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Lewy body disease
Traumatic brain injury
Substance/ medication abuse
HIV infection
Prion disease
, Parkinsons disease
Dementia: behavioral disturbances - ANSWER-wandering
restlessness
agitation
aggression
sleep/ wake cycle disturbances
apathy
difficulty concentration
delusions
hallucinations
Diagnosis dementia - ANSWER-requires a cognitive decline from a previous level
of functioning in one or more domains:
- complex attention
- executive function
- learning memory
- language
- perceptual motor
- social cognition: the cognitive deficits must be severe enough to interfere with
independence in everyday activities of daily living
early stage dementia - ANSWER-memory loss
time and spatial disorientation
poor judgment
withdrawal or depression
perceptual disturbances
middle stage dementia - ANSWER-recent and remote memory worsens
increased aphasia
apraxia
hyperorality
disorientation to place and time
restlessness or pacing
perseveration
irritability
loss of impulse control
SPRING 2026 UPDATE | 100% CORRECT.
In which of the following conditions should the examiner expect the costal angle to
be greater than 90 degrees?
a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
b. Pneumothorax
c. Infant respiratory distress syndrome
d. Atelectasis - ANSWER-a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Which of the following findings indicates respiratory distress in an infant or
toddler?
a. Respiratory rate of 30 breaths/minute
b. Hyperresonance of the chest
c. Observation of sternal retractions with breathing
d. Auscultation of bronchovesicular sounds throughout the lung field - ANSWER-
c. Observation of sternal retractions with breathing
During percussion, the patient is asked to "fold your arms in front of you" in order
to
a. Expose maximum lung area
b. Make the ribs protrude
c. Prevent attacks of coughing
d. Reduce discomfort - ANSWER-a. Expose maximum lung area
Which of the following examination techniques is not typically done when
examining the chest and lungs of a newborn?
a. Palpation
b. Inspection
c. Percussion
d. Auscultation - ANSWER-c. Percussion
The patient tells the examiner, "I have been coughing up a lot of yellowish-green
phlegm." The examiner should suspect
a. Viral infection
b. Tuberculosis
,c. Pulmonary edema
d. Bacterial pneumonia - ANSWER-d. Bacterial pneumonia
To best visualize subtle retractions on a patient, the examiner should
a. Place the patient in a supine position
b. Stand directly behind the patient
c. Ensure that the light source angles toward the patient
d. Position the patient directly under a bright examination light - ANSWER-c.
Ensure that the light source angles toward the patient
Which of the following findings may indicate a pulmonary infection?
a. Malodorous breath
b. Protrusion of the clavicle
c. Clubbing of the nail beds
d. Kussmal respirations - ANSWER-a. Malodorous breath
Which finding is considered unusual for a newborn?
a. Sneezing
b. Coughing
c. Silent hiccupping
d. Nose breathing - ANSWER-b. Coughing
In an older adult, which finding can occur in the absence of a disease as a result of
age-related changes of the chest or lungs?
a. Barrel chest
b. Productive cough
c. Increased vital capacity
d. Pulmonary infiltrate - ANSWER-a. Barrel chest
A newborn infant has a small chest-to-head size ratio. This finding is usually
associated with
a. Maternal diabetes
b. Cocaine use during pregnancy
c. Intrauterine growth restriction
d. A normal variation of chest-to-head ratio - ANSWER-c. Intrauterine growth
restriction
,Hamman sign can best be heard when the patient is
a. In a supine position
b. Laying on the left side
c. Sitting completely upright
d. Positioned with the head elevated 30 degrees - ANSWER-b. Laying on the left
side
9
dementia - ANSWER-disease process marked by progressive cognitive impairment
- alzheimer
- frontotemporal
- lewy body
- vascular
- traumatic brain injury
- substance or medication induced
Alzheimers type - ANSWER-accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases and is the
leading cause of dementia worldwide
Vascular - ANSWER-accounts for 20-30% of dementia cases and it's incidence
increases linearly with age
Lewy body disease - ANSWER-accounts for 10-25% of dementia cases and its
incidence increases linearly with age
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration - ANSWER-accounts fro 10-15% of dementia
cases. Among patients younger than 65, FTD accounts for 20-50% of dementia
cases
dementia can be caused by - ANSWER-Alzheimers
Vascular disease
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Lewy body disease
Traumatic brain injury
Substance/ medication abuse
HIV infection
Prion disease
, Parkinsons disease
Dementia: behavioral disturbances - ANSWER-wandering
restlessness
agitation
aggression
sleep/ wake cycle disturbances
apathy
difficulty concentration
delusions
hallucinations
Diagnosis dementia - ANSWER-requires a cognitive decline from a previous level
of functioning in one or more domains:
- complex attention
- executive function
- learning memory
- language
- perceptual motor
- social cognition: the cognitive deficits must be severe enough to interfere with
independence in everyday activities of daily living
early stage dementia - ANSWER-memory loss
time and spatial disorientation
poor judgment
withdrawal or depression
perceptual disturbances
middle stage dementia - ANSWER-recent and remote memory worsens
increased aphasia
apraxia
hyperorality
disorientation to place and time
restlessness or pacing
perseveration
irritability
loss of impulse control
