What are the key ideas of evolution?
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Common ancestry → all living species descended from common ancestors
Populations evolve → genetic composition of populations change over
time
Natural selection → adaptations are explained by natural selection
What does HW tell us?
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, -The expected genotype frequencies
-If actual genotype frequencies deviate, then selection might have
happened
-Allele frequency= p, Genotype frequency is A1A1 or p^2
-Allele frequency= q, Genotype frequency is A2A2 of q^2
-Genotype frequency is A1A2 or 2pq
What is the GULOP gene?
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Is detectable in the human genome but is non-function, is a vestigial gene
A good explanation for the the loss of this gene is that because primates
were eating fruit, losing this GULOP function was not a problem
What is convergence?
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A trait that develops independently in two separate lineages
How did genetics evolve?
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, There is no clear evidence but there are plenty of theories
It was likely that they evolved steadily over time
When will evolution NOT happen?
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Under the HW equilibrium conditions
No mutation
No migration
Alleles have no effect on fitness
Mating is random with respect to alleles
Population is infinitely large
What are the two hypotheses of how mitochondria originated?
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Theory 1→Mitochondria Late, autogenous: eukaryotic cells evolved from an
ancestral archaeon that later incorporated the proteobacterial cell that
become a mitochondrion --> This model states that the nucleus and
mitochondria have to be closely related
Theory 2 → Mitochondria Early, endosymbiotic: eukaryotic cells evolved
from a symbiosis between an archaeon and a proteobacterium which
become the mitochondrion --> This model states that mitochondria and
proteobacteria have to be closely related
, What is lineage splitting?
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This usually requires some sort of event such as geographic isolation,
results in genetic differentiation
Geographic separation allows genetic differences to accumulate in
populations
At the point of the split, the two populations are not different from one
another but once they split, they begin to differentiate to the point where
they become separate species
This allows these lineages to evolve independently and acquire different
traits
What is so important about language?
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It allowed us to summon and coordinate with other humans and take on
larger prey
Allowed for the origin of abstract thought
Drove increased brain size
What is the formula for strength of selection?
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Give this one a try later!
Common ancestry → all living species descended from common ancestors
Populations evolve → genetic composition of populations change over
time
Natural selection → adaptations are explained by natural selection
What does HW tell us?
Give this one a try later!
, -The expected genotype frequencies
-If actual genotype frequencies deviate, then selection might have
happened
-Allele frequency= p, Genotype frequency is A1A1 or p^2
-Allele frequency= q, Genotype frequency is A2A2 of q^2
-Genotype frequency is A1A2 or 2pq
What is the GULOP gene?
Give this one a try later!
Is detectable in the human genome but is non-function, is a vestigial gene
A good explanation for the the loss of this gene is that because primates
were eating fruit, losing this GULOP function was not a problem
What is convergence?
Give this one a try later!
A trait that develops independently in two separate lineages
How did genetics evolve?
Give this one a try later!
, There is no clear evidence but there are plenty of theories
It was likely that they evolved steadily over time
When will evolution NOT happen?
Give this one a try later!
Under the HW equilibrium conditions
No mutation
No migration
Alleles have no effect on fitness
Mating is random with respect to alleles
Population is infinitely large
What are the two hypotheses of how mitochondria originated?
Give this one a try later!
Theory 1→Mitochondria Late, autogenous: eukaryotic cells evolved from an
ancestral archaeon that later incorporated the proteobacterial cell that
become a mitochondrion --> This model states that the nucleus and
mitochondria have to be closely related
Theory 2 → Mitochondria Early, endosymbiotic: eukaryotic cells evolved
from a symbiosis between an archaeon and a proteobacterium which
become the mitochondrion --> This model states that mitochondria and
proteobacteria have to be closely related
, What is lineage splitting?
Give this one a try later!
This usually requires some sort of event such as geographic isolation,
results in genetic differentiation
Geographic separation allows genetic differences to accumulate in
populations
At the point of the split, the two populations are not different from one
another but once they split, they begin to differentiate to the point where
they become separate species
This allows these lineages to evolve independently and acquire different
traits
What is so important about language?
Give this one a try later!
It allowed us to summon and coordinate with other humans and take on
larger prey
Allowed for the origin of abstract thought
Drove increased brain size
What is the formula for strength of selection?
Give this one a try later!
