PNCB Primary Care Exam Study
Questions And Answers| Already Graded
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three fundamental domains of development
physical
-milestones
-cephalocaudal and proximodistal
cognitive
-Piaget cognitive development
-classical v operant conditioning
-Kohlberg's moral development
psychological/ social
-Freud psychosexual development
-Erikson psychosocial development
Freud's psychosexual development
key principles
-id: pleasure
-ego: reality and/or self-interest
-superego: morality
stages
-oral (infancy) = id development, teething
-anal (toddler) = potty-training, autonomy
-phallic (preschool) = ego development, Oedipal complex
-latency (school-age) = sex repressed, socialization
-genital (adolescence) = sexual reawakening
Erikson's psychosocial development
trust v mistrust
autonomy v shame and doubt (tantrums common)
initiative v guilt
,industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
Piaget's cognitive development
sensorimotor
-birth to 2
-reflexes, object permenance
preoperational
- 2-7yr
-egocentrism, single aspect focus, magical thinking/animism
concrete operational
- 7-11yr
-logical thought
formal operational
- 12+ yrs
-abstract thought, complex problem-solving
maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological - food, water, warmth, rest
safety
love/belonging- relationships
esteem- accomplishments
self-actualization- creativity and full potential
preterm infants
born before 37 wks gestation
low birth weight </= 2500g
very low birth weight </= 1500g
extremely low birth weight </= 1000g
average size of newborns
weight
-3400g = 7.5 pounds
,length
-51cm
head circumference
-35cm
chest circumference
-2cm < head
physical growth milestones
birth weight
-initial 8-10% loss by first 4 days
-regained by 2 wks
-doubles by 6 mos
-triples by 1 yr
-quadruples by 2 yrs
(0.5-1oz / day; 2lbs/ mos)
length
-50% increase by 1 yr
-doubles by 4 years
(1 inch/mos)
head circumference
-0.5 inch per month until 6 mos
-2cm > chest until 1 yr
-equal chest at 1yr
-5-7cm < chest as child
when do reflexes disappear
palmar grasp
- 6 mos
stepping
-4 mos
, rooting
-4 mos
-in sleep till 12 mos
moro
-6 mos
tonic neck
-6 mos
plantar grasp
-12 mos
parenting styles
authoritarian: strict, high expectations, low support
permissive: few demands or expectations
authoritative: firm limits, high support, high communication
(harsh verbal reprimands and corporal punishment ineffective)
instrumental v hostile aggression
instrumental
-focused on retrieving (objects, space, privileges)
-preschoolers (decreases w/ understanding of sharing)
hostile
-person-oriented
-emerge if impulse control remains problematic
puberty
onset
-girls: 9-10 (8 in AA); first sign = breast buds
-males: 11-12; first sign = testes enlargement
-precocious: girls before 8, boys before 9
Breast Stages
-1 prepubescent
-2 breast buds
Questions And Answers| Already Graded
A+| Latest Update
three fundamental domains of development
physical
-milestones
-cephalocaudal and proximodistal
cognitive
-Piaget cognitive development
-classical v operant conditioning
-Kohlberg's moral development
psychological/ social
-Freud psychosexual development
-Erikson psychosocial development
Freud's psychosexual development
key principles
-id: pleasure
-ego: reality and/or self-interest
-superego: morality
stages
-oral (infancy) = id development, teething
-anal (toddler) = potty-training, autonomy
-phallic (preschool) = ego development, Oedipal complex
-latency (school-age) = sex repressed, socialization
-genital (adolescence) = sexual reawakening
Erikson's psychosocial development
trust v mistrust
autonomy v shame and doubt (tantrums common)
initiative v guilt
,industry v inferiority
identity v role confusion
Piaget's cognitive development
sensorimotor
-birth to 2
-reflexes, object permenance
preoperational
- 2-7yr
-egocentrism, single aspect focus, magical thinking/animism
concrete operational
- 7-11yr
-logical thought
formal operational
- 12+ yrs
-abstract thought, complex problem-solving
maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological - food, water, warmth, rest
safety
love/belonging- relationships
esteem- accomplishments
self-actualization- creativity and full potential
preterm infants
born before 37 wks gestation
low birth weight </= 2500g
very low birth weight </= 1500g
extremely low birth weight </= 1000g
average size of newborns
weight
-3400g = 7.5 pounds
,length
-51cm
head circumference
-35cm
chest circumference
-2cm < head
physical growth milestones
birth weight
-initial 8-10% loss by first 4 days
-regained by 2 wks
-doubles by 6 mos
-triples by 1 yr
-quadruples by 2 yrs
(0.5-1oz / day; 2lbs/ mos)
length
-50% increase by 1 yr
-doubles by 4 years
(1 inch/mos)
head circumference
-0.5 inch per month until 6 mos
-2cm > chest until 1 yr
-equal chest at 1yr
-5-7cm < chest as child
when do reflexes disappear
palmar grasp
- 6 mos
stepping
-4 mos
, rooting
-4 mos
-in sleep till 12 mos
moro
-6 mos
tonic neck
-6 mos
plantar grasp
-12 mos
parenting styles
authoritarian: strict, high expectations, low support
permissive: few demands or expectations
authoritative: firm limits, high support, high communication
(harsh verbal reprimands and corporal punishment ineffective)
instrumental v hostile aggression
instrumental
-focused on retrieving (objects, space, privileges)
-preschoolers (decreases w/ understanding of sharing)
hostile
-person-oriented
-emerge if impulse control remains problematic
puberty
onset
-girls: 9-10 (8 in AA); first sign = breast buds
-males: 11-12; first sign = testes enlargement
-precocious: girls before 8, boys before 9
Breast Stages
-1 prepubescent
-2 breast buds
