Plant and Animal Reproduction

General Biology II - FINALS


CHAPTER 6 L6.1 – Plant Reproduction


Reproduction
- Process by which all organisms multiply in number and increase in population.
- Has two different types, namely
 Asexual Reproduction
 Method of reproduction that only involves one organism
 Sexual Reproduction
 Involves two organisms, a male and female
 Produce sex cells or gametes


PLANT REPRODUCTION
- Asexual Reproduction
 Natural Vegetative Reproduction
 Stems, leaves, roots
 Tubers – swollen stem (potatoes)
 Corm – very short, underground stem
 Runners – aboveground and horizontal stems
 Bulbs – very short and swollen stem
 Rhizome – nodes of underground horizontal stems
 Artificial Propagation
 Help from humans
 Clone – each plant generated is identical and genetically the same
as the parent tree
 Cutting – cut from one plant, planted in soil, and used to
grow individuals
 Budding and Grafting – small stems are attached to a
bigger plant
 Tissue Culture – plant tissue is used to grow new
individuals in large numbers


- Sexual Production
 Flower, fruit, and seeds
 Gymnosperms – seed-bearing plants
 Angiosperms – flowering plants
 Structure of Angiosperms
 Sepals – leaf-like green structures protecting the bud
 Calyx – sepals, collective name
 Petals – make the flowers attractive to pollinators

,  Corolla – petals, collective name
 Stamen – male reproductive part
 Anther – makes and contains pollen
 Filament – holds up the anther
 Carpel – female reproductive part
 Stigma – the top of the carpel where pollen gets trapped
 Style – connects the stigma and ovary
 Ovary – contains the ovules and the site of fertilization

- Stages of Sexual Reproduction
 Pollination – transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma (it
can be self = if hermaphrodites; cross = transportation of pollen to another
flower)
 Fertilization – pollen sticks to the stigma and then to the pollen tube.
Pollen tube bursts into sperm and then fertilizes the ovary which then
swells up into a fruit
 Seed Dispersal – it can be done through
 Wind
 Water
 Animals
 Explosion
 Germination – process which a new plant sprouts from a seed




CHAPTER 6 L6.2 – Animal Reproduction


- Asexual Reproduction
 Single parent produces an offspring or without the fusion of gametes
 Identically and genetically the same
 Binary Fission – split through mitosis
 Regular – common (Amoeba)
 Longitudinal – vertical axis (Euglena)
 Transverse – horizontal axis (Paramecium)
 Budding – an outgrowth arises from a body of a parent (Hydras)
 Fragmentation – an organism’s arms or segments are cut off but
have the ability to regenerate and become an individual (Starfish
and Earthworm)
 Parthenogenesis – egg fertilization without sperm (Drone bees
[lmao]



- Sexual Reproduction