CHAPTER 1
LESSON 1.1 NATURE AND STATES OF MATTER
THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
📌The earliest belief of Greek philosophers was that matter was made up of
a single element.
Anaximenes (Flourished c. 545 BCE)
asserted that this primal element was air.
THALES OF MILETUS (flourished 6th century BCE)
thought it was water.
HERACLITUS (c. 540-480 BCE)
believed it was fire.
EMPEDOCLES (c. 490-430 BCE)
proposed that all matter is made up of four fundamental
elements.
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OF ELEMENTS OF MATTER
Earth
Air
Fire
Water
LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS
, States that all things of the same type have the same
proportions of the elements that compose them.
Around 440 BCE, a new theory emerged:
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
Wondered what would happen to a piece of gold if it is cut indefinitely.
They concluded that there must be smallest unit of gold that
cannot be further broken down without it ceasing to be gold.
They call this unit as “Atomos” which means “uncuttable”
The main principles of Leucippus and Democritus theory
include the following:
All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be seen
by the naked eyes. They cannot be broken down further
into smaller portions. All forms of matter result from the
coming together or breaking apart of atoms.
Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space
called VOID.
Atoms are completely solid.
Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure.
Atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
ATOMISTS – those who adhere to atomism.
EPICURUS OF SAMOS (341-270 BCE)
Popularized “atomism” – matter is made up of atoms
He further enhanced the theory by proposing that different types of
atoms have different weights, and that all atoms have the
same speed regardless of size.
Opposed by famous historical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
ARISTOTLE
, Agreed with Empedocles that all matter was made up of four
fundamental elements in varying proportions.
Further suggested that one element could be transformed to
another
Added fifth fundamental element called “aether”
o “AETHER” – matter found outside of Earth and moon.
Recognized as a continuous theory which asserted that matter
can be divided indefinitely without changing the fundamental
characteristics of a material.
Scientists have now come to agree, based on much experimental evidence,
that all matter is indeed composed of atoms and later discovered the
existence of subatomic particles.
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER
Is anything that has mass and volume.
MASS
The amount of matter.
VOLUME
The space it occupies.
All things, living or nonliving, are made up of matter, which can be
characterized using the different senses.
LESSON 1.1 NATURE AND STATES OF MATTER
THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
📌The earliest belief of Greek philosophers was that matter was made up of
a single element.
Anaximenes (Flourished c. 545 BCE)
asserted that this primal element was air.
THALES OF MILETUS (flourished 6th century BCE)
thought it was water.
HERACLITUS (c. 540-480 BCE)
believed it was fire.
EMPEDOCLES (c. 490-430 BCE)
proposed that all matter is made up of four fundamental
elements.
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL OF ELEMENTS OF MATTER
Earth
Air
Fire
Water
LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS
, States that all things of the same type have the same
proportions of the elements that compose them.
Around 440 BCE, a new theory emerged:
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
Wondered what would happen to a piece of gold if it is cut indefinitely.
They concluded that there must be smallest unit of gold that
cannot be further broken down without it ceasing to be gold.
They call this unit as “Atomos” which means “uncuttable”
The main principles of Leucippus and Democritus theory
include the following:
All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be seen
by the naked eyes. They cannot be broken down further
into smaller portions. All forms of matter result from the
coming together or breaking apart of atoms.
Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space
called VOID.
Atoms are completely solid.
Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure.
Atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
ATOMISTS – those who adhere to atomism.
EPICURUS OF SAMOS (341-270 BCE)
Popularized “atomism” – matter is made up of atoms
He further enhanced the theory by proposing that different types of
atoms have different weights, and that all atoms have the
same speed regardless of size.
Opposed by famous historical philosophers like Plato and Aristotle.
ARISTOTLE
, Agreed with Empedocles that all matter was made up of four
fundamental elements in varying proportions.
Further suggested that one element could be transformed to
another
Added fifth fundamental element called “aether”
o “AETHER” – matter found outside of Earth and moon.
Recognized as a continuous theory which asserted that matter
can be divided indefinitely without changing the fundamental
characteristics of a material.
Scientists have now come to agree, based on much experimental evidence,
that all matter is indeed composed of atoms and later discovered the
existence of subatomic particles.
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER
Is anything that has mass and volume.
MASS
The amount of matter.
VOLUME
The space it occupies.
All things, living or nonliving, are made up of matter, which can be
characterized using the different senses.
