PSYC 3331 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYC 3331 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026 Personality - Answers Traits unique to the individual - Stable and develop over time but flexible and change in response to experience - Influence cognition, emotions, and behavior Personality Disorder - Answers Pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from social norms - Inflexible and pervasive causing distress and impairment in life - Stable since childhood Cluster A - Answers Odd and Eccentric - Paranoid PD - Schizoid PD - Schizotypal PD Paranoid PD - Answers - Distrust and suspicion of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent - Quick to anger, trouble in interpersonal relationships, hypervigilant Paranoid PD Causes - Answers - Weak genetic influence - Strong on upbringing Paranoid PD Treatment - Answers Focusing on developing allies and cognitive techniques to challenge assumptions - Reluctant to seek treatment Schizoid PD - Answers Detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotion in interpersonal settings - Lack intimacy and do not respond to social cues - Extreme introverts and prefer solitary activities Schizoid PD Causes - Answers - Decrease in dopamine receptors - Childhood shyness Schizoid PD Treatment - Answers Teaching how to experience emotion and social skill training - Rarely seek treatment Schizotypal PD - Answers - Social and interpersonal deficits marked by discomfort for close relationships - Cognitive and perceptual distortions due to magical thinking Schizotypal PD Causes - Answers A phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype Schizotypal PD Treatment - Answers - Teach social skills or adjust to solitude - Medication for schizophrenia may work Cluster C - Answers Anxious and Fearful - Avoidant PD - Dependent PD - Obsessive-Compulsive PD Avoidant PD - Answers Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation - Avoid social contact out of fear of disapproval, reluctant to make friends, restraint in intimate relationships - Others see them as shy, timid, and isolated Avoidant PD Causes - Answers Born with a difficult temperament - Rejection by parents, uncritical love, low self-esteem, social alientation Avoidant PD Treatment - Answers Behavioral interventions for anxiety and social skills - Systemic desensitization and behavioral rehersal Dependent PD - Answers Excessive need to be taken of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior with fears of separation and disagreement - Trouble making decisions and allow others to assume responsibility for important aspects of their lives - Seek other relationships when one is ended Dependent PD Causes - Answers Early loss of parent and parental rejection, leading to fear of abandonment Dependent PD Treatment - Answers Slow therapy to ensure patient does not become overly dependent on therapist - Treat to become more independent Obsessive-Compulsive PD - Answers Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental/interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency - Get angry when not in control, unable to delegate work, excessively devoted to work - Perfectionism to the point it interferes with task performance and take a lot of time to make a decision OCD vs OCPD - Answers - OCD patients do not want their symptoms - OCPD patients are not distressed by O-C symptoms Obsessive-Compulsive PD Causes - Answers Some genetic contribution - Environmental influences such as parents pushing neatness and order Obsessive-Compulsive PD Treatment - Answers Therapy addressing fears that underlie orderliness Cluster B - Answers Dramatic and erratic - Antisocial PD - Borderline PD - Histrionic PD - Narcissistic PD Antisocial PD - Answers Pattern of disregard and violation of the right of others (behavioral in nature) - Criminal behavior, deceitfulness, impulsiveness, recklessness, irritability, irresponsible - Usually have a history of conduct disorder and those with ADHD and CD have higher risk Psychopathy - Answers Persistent pattern of antisocial, impulsive, manipulative, and aggressive personality traits rather than behavior 4 Facet Model of Psychopathy - Answers breaks psychopathy down into 4 distinct but related dimensions - Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, Antisocial Triachic Model of Psychopathy - Answers Breaks down psychopathy into 3 distinct components - Boldness, Meanness, Disinhibition Underarousal Hypothesis - Answers Psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal Antisocial and Psychopathy Biology - Answers Reduced volume and damage to prefrontal cortex leading to aggression and insensitivity to negative consequences - Temporal lobe issues leading to lack of empathy and increased volume autonomically - Amygdala structural changes leads to aggression Antisocial and Psychopathy Social Factors - Answers Uninvolved or harsh parenting, association with deviant peers - Socio-economically disadvantaged Antisocial Development - Answers Child born with problematic temperament exposed to coercive parenting and deviant peers leads to conduct problems