PSYC 3331 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYC 3331 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 The nature-nurture issue is concerned with - Answers the roles that biology and environment play in development Experience plays the most important in which of the following theories? - Answers learning The idea of continuity in development - Answers is consistent with the view that early development is related to later development The idea that the mind of the man infant is a tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that - Answers experience models each person into a unique individual An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a - Answers theory When 8 year old Chris brought home a report card with all A's, his parents gave him one dollar for each "A." Chris's parents were attempting to use _______ to shape Chris's future behavior - Answers positive reinforcement The view that development is a result of the unfolding of a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body is characteristic of - Answers Arnold Gesell's maturational theory A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called - Answers negative reinforcement Which of the following is true of naturalistic observations? - Answers because children are being observed in their natural settings, the behavior of interest is less likely to be disturbed Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory - Answers emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development? - Answers John Watson Erikson proposed a ______ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or a challenge - Answers psychosocial Which of the following is an ethical responsibility that researchers have to the participants in their research? - Answers researchers should minimize the potential for harm or stress to their participants. Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her. Amanda's behavior was shaped by - Answers observational learning Which of the following statements best represents the prevailing view among developments? - Answers physical, social, and cognitive development are interrelated Sonja conducts an experiment to determine whether listening to music affects emotional state. She has children wait alone in a room that either did or did not have music playing and then has them complete a questionnaire asking about their current level of happiness. The independent variable in this study is - Answers Whether or not listening to music was playing Which of the following measures involves sampling behavior with a task? - Answers putting a number of objects in front of a child and having the child count them ________________ measures ask children questions about the topic of interest - Answers self-report ____________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children - Answers Vygotsky Bornstein, Patrick and Esposito (2017) conceptualized __________ as consistency and ___________ as change in the group mean level of a characteristic through time - Answers continuity; discontinuity Professor Fischer observes three different age groups over a period of 10 years to chart changes in memory. What kind of research design is this? - Answers longitudinal-sequential design Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures? - Answers they must be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias The French philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, believed that - Answers infants were born with an innate sense of justice and mortality Which of the following theorists has a biological perspective? - Answers Gesell's mutrational theory The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with - Answers thinking Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory perception? - Answers infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech Which of the following is a symptom of ADHD? - Answers being unusually energetic Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the - Answers pituitary gland The adolescent growth spurt and sexual maturation that occur in early adolescence are known as - Answers puberty Which of the following was NOT one of the things that Adolph and Tamis-LeMonda (2014) argued motivate infants to transition from crawling to walking as a form of locomotion? - Answers socially interacting with those who are around them better and more directly Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Answers toddlers and young children have disproportionately large heads In treatment of ADHD - Answers stimulants plus behavioral treatment is the most effective The adolescent growth spurt - Answers usually beings earlier for girls than for boys Motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks according to - Answers dynamic systems theory The onset of puberty - Answers is regulated by the pituitary gland The finding that tall parents tend to have taller children, whereas short parents tend to have short children suggests that __________ influences height. - Answers heredity __________ is characterized by alternating between binge eating and purging through self-induced vomiting or with laxatives - Answers bulimia Alicia refuses to eat and is terribly afraid of becoming overweight. Alicia has characteristics of - Answers anorexia nervosa _________ is the smallest pattern that can be visually distinguished dependably. - Answers visual acuity Who is performing a fine-motor skill? - Answers Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil Dr. Kerry placed a baby on a glass-covered platform with one side that looked shallow under the glass and another side that looked deep under the glass. He then asked the mother to call the baby to come to her. Dr. Kerry appears to be interested in - Answers depth perception Malnutrition - Answers has potentially adverse consequences for neurological development Dr. Burns shows two stimuli at a time to an infant, one a gray square and the other a black and white striped square. The striped squares differ in the width of they stripes. Dr. Burns measures how long the infant at each of the stimuli. Dr. Burns is assessing - Answers visual acuity _____________ is the prices by which we select information that will be processed further - Answers attention network fat accumulates rapidly - Answers during infancy and adolescence Which of the following is TRUE of obese children? - Answers they are at risk for diabetes and high blood pressure Information that is presented simultaneously to different sensory modes provides - Answers intercessory redundancy Kamar has just learned to sit without support. Which motor milestone would you expect he has not yet achieved, but will master the soonest? - Answers standing while holding an object for support Newborns' sense of smell - Answers is well-developed at birth Babies pay attention when a novel stimulus is first presented, but they pay less attention as it becomes more familiar. This phenomenon is called - Answers habituation hypoxia refers to - Answers oxygen deprivation each group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions is called a - Answers gene Which of the following is something measured by the Apgar Scale? - Answers respiration If Claire is a typical newborn, she will sleep ________ hours a day - Answers 16 to 18 if a trait is strongly influenced by genetic factors, you would expect to find that - Answers adopted children resemble their biological parents more than their adoptive parents on that trait why are relatively few inherited disorders cause by dominant alleles? - Answers every person with one of the dominant alleles will have the disorder, and people with most of these disorders do not usually live long enough to reproduce, so the allele will not be passed on For the birth of a first child, the first stage of labour usually lasts - Answers 12 to 24 hours Individuals with Down syndrome show which of the following characteristics? - Answers intellectual disability In 2010, Dale, Harlan, Haworth, and Plomin completed a twin study in which they found evidence suggesting an important role for heredity in the ease with which adolescents learn a second language. Given this, - Answers skill in forcing language was more similar among identical twins than among fraternal twins Caris is very artistically talented and chooses to spend much of her time drawing and painting. This is a good example of - Answers an active gene-environment correlation The _______ is the inner layer, the _______ is the middle layer, and the ________ is the outer layer in the embryo. - Answers endoderm; ectoderm; mesoderm Which of the following is consistent with the brief review Charness, Riley, and Sowell (2016) provided regarding current understanding of the potential consequences of an expectant mother consuming alcohol during her pregnancy? - Answers Even modest alcohol consumption introduces a risk of fetal alcohol syndrome, which produces physical and cognitive abnormalities, and therefore should be avoided infant mortality rates - Answers are related to the availability of prenatal health care Which of the following is NOT a general maternal risk factor for prenatal development? - Answers ethnic background Most of the body structures and internal organs develop during the period of the - Answers embryo a fertilized egg contains _____ pairs of chromosome(s) - Answers 23 The period of the ______ lasts from nine to 38 weeks after conception - Answers fetus Which of the following statements is TRUE of the influence of teratogens on prenatal development? - Answers the timing of exposure to a teratogen is important The complete set of genes that makes up a persons heredity is called - Answers a genotype most behavioral and psychological characteristics follow a(n) _____ pattern of genetic inheritance - Answers polygenic The ______ is an organ that develops prenatally that exchanges nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing organism - Answers placenta Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development is referred to as a(n) - Answers teratogen The chemical instructions of a _______ allele in an allele pair will be followed while those of a ________ allele will be ignored - Answers dominat; recessive Which of the following events does not occur during the period of the zygote? - Answers development of body structures and internal organs Twins that come from a single fertilized egg that splits in two are called - Answers monozygotic twins Core knowledge views cognitive development as an innate capability to easily acquire knowledge in specialized domains of evolutionary importance, which includes each of the following except... - Answers English grammar compared to younger children, older children - Answers have more working memory When Rovee-Collier and her colleagues attacked a ribbon from a mobile to 2-to-3-month-old infants' legs, so infants learned to kick to make the mobile move, they found that when they return to the babies' homes several days later the babies - Answers would still kick to make the mobile move From an information processing perspective, how is the cognitive functioning of 8-year-old Rachel likely to compare with 16-year-old Bethany - Answers Rachel will use less efficient strategies _________ involves the evaluation of a strategy to determine its effectiveness - Answers monitoring ______ prevent(s) task-irrelevant information from entering working memory - Answers inhibitory processes ________ is a strategy of repetitively naming information that is to be remembered - Answers rehearsal Which of the following would violate the principles of Piaget's theory? - Answers if a gifted child skipped the concrete operational stage and went directly to the the formal operational stage Piaget used _______ experiments to see whether children realized that characteristics of objects remained the same despite changes in physical appearance - Answers conservation The concepts of scaffolding, private speech, and the zone of proximal development are most closely associated with - Answers Vygotsky Baillargeon's studies of object permanence using possible events and impossible events suggest that the concept of object permanence is - Answers acquired earlier than Piaget believed Knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes is referred to as - Answers metacognitive knowledge Compared to Piaget's theory, information-processing theory - Answers describes the specific components of cognition in greater detail Activites that improve memory are called - Answers memory strategies Which characteristic of the concrete operational child's thinking allows him or her to solve Piaget's conservation problem? - Answers reversible mental operations The inability to recall events from infancy is referred to as - Answers infantile amnesia ______ refers to people's memory of the significant events and experiences of their own lives - Answers autobiographical memory Bjorklund (2018) credits Piaget's theory for providing the field of cognitive development with a meta theory, and now that the field has moved on from Piaget's theory, he advocates that the _______ can provide the same thing - Answers sociocultural approach Which of the following abilities marks the end of the sensorimotor period? - Answers the ability to use mental symbols Which of the following is the correct order od Piaget's stages? - Answers sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational When preoperational children are asked to identify different perspectives of model mountains on a table, which of the following characteristics of preoperational thought do they demonstrate? - Answers egocentrism Juliann is 4. If she is like most 4-year-olds, her naïve theory of biology will include the belief that - Answers animals can move by themselves, but inanimate objects can only be moved by other people or objects Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms that has been raised against Piaget's theory of cognitive development? - Answers Piaget's theory overestimates cognitive competencies in infants and young children Siegler's overlapping waves model proposes which of the following regarding cognitive strategies? - Answers There is varibalitiy in the strategies children use to slove problems, but they generally venom core efficient int heir problem-solving with age when formal operational thinker are faced with a problem, such as figuring out what combination of clear liquids will produce a blue liquid, they will - Answers systematically test hypotheses about different combinations of liquids _______ is the process of identifying a unique pattern of letters - Answers word decoding Which of the following statements BEST describes hereditary and environmental influences on intelligence? - Answers both hereditary and environment determine intelligence According to the method that Terman used to score the early versions of the Stanford-Binet, a child with a chronological age of 10 years and a mental age of 12 years would have an IQ of - Answers 120 Hierarchal theories of intelligence - Answers include Both general and specific factors of intelligence Which of the following is a factor that contributes to improved reading comprehension with age? - Answers children's knowledge of their world increases, so they understand more of what they read Being able to hear the distinctive sounds made by different letters is called - Answers phonological awareness You are part of a parent group formed to determine how your school system can improve students' academic performance. Based on research on academic excellence in Japanese and Taiwanese schools, which of the following suggestions would you make? - Answers set higher standards for students to encourage them to spend more time in school-related activities Binet and Simon developed an intelligence test in order to - Answers identify children who are likely to succeed in school The ability to deal adaptively with novel stimulus and problems is known as - Answers creative ability Which child appers to have mastered the cardinality principle? - Answers Haley, who counts three cars as "1,5,6...SIX CARS!" Dr.Jones claims that there is a g, a general factor for intelligence. In an effort to support his claim, he gave several different tests to many people. Which of the following results would support his claim? - Answers if individual performances were consistent across tests Ten-year-old Brent has an IQ of 65 and problems performing the daily living skills needed in his environment. Brent has characteristics of - Answers a learning disability Nick has an IQ of 150. Nick would be considered - Answers gifted How are socioeconomic status (SES) and IQ related? - Answers Higher SES class children tend to obtain higher IQ scores than lowerSES children Psychologists who specialize in the measurement of psychological characteristics such as intelligence and personality are referred to as - Answers psyshometricians Tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices are designed - Answers to be culture-fair A "bright" 8-year-old might have a mental age of - Answers 10 If you ask a 5-year-old, "If you had three cookies and I gave you two more, how many cookies would you have altogether?", the child would - Answers probably solve the problem by counting on his fingers When writing, young children are more likely to use _______ strategies whereas adolescents more often use _______ strategies. - Answers knowledge-telling; knowledge-transforming Russell's tests scores are low, but he quickly grasps real-life problems and could be called "street smart." Which Sternberg area is a strength for him? - Answers practical ability The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV) differed from the Stanford-Binet test in that the WISC-IV - Answers yield both a verbal IQ and a performance IQ