NUR 631 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM AND
FINAL EXAM PREP TEST BANK 1 WITH
350 EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS/ GCU NUR
631
1. Gastritis is most commonly associated with which of the following
conditions?
A. Appendicitis
B. Peptic ulcer disease
C. Cholecystitis
D. Pancreatitis
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa and is most
commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease due to shared etiologies
such as H. pylori infection, NSAID use, and gastric acid hypersecretion.
Appendicitis involves the appendix, cholecystitis involves the gallbladder,
and pancreatitis involves the pancreas.
2. The propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract is called:
A. Peristalsis
B. Contraction
C. Transmission
D. Constriction
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Peristalsis is the coordinated rhythmic contraction and
, relaxation of smooth muscle that propels food and waste through the GI
tract. Contraction is a general term, transmission refers to nerve impulse
conduction, and constriction refers to narrowing.
3. Which statement is true about acute pancreatitis?
A. Autoimmune process with IgG attacking pancreatic acinar cells
B. It is usually a mild disease with low mortality
C. Pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreatic cells and tissues
D. Oversecretion of pancreatic enzymes and malnutrition are primary
causes
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Acute pancreatitis is caused by premature activation of
pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas, leading to autodigestion of
pancreatic tissue. It can range from mild to severe with significant
mortality. Autoimmune causes are rare, and oversecretion alone does not
explain the pathogenesis.
4. Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune disorder of the exocrine pancreas
B. Pulmonary disorder involving abnormal expression of a protein producing
viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens
C. Infectious process leading to bronchiectasis
D. Restrictive lung disease of unknown etiology
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by
mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to abnormal chloride and water
transport. This produces thick, viscous mucus that obstructs multiple
organ systems including the lungs, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens.
5. A patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis. The stenotic
valve creates increased resistance against which the left ventricle contracts.
The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is:
, A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Increased afterload from aortic stenosis forces the left
ventricle to generate higher pressures. Cardiomyocytes respond by
increasing in size (hypertrophy) to augment contractile force. Atrophy
occurs with disuse, hyperplasia is rare in adult cardiac muscle, and
metaplasia is not a cardiac adaptation.
6. A patient with a long history of mitral stenosis develops left atrial failure
and declining left ventricular output. If the left ventricle were to undergo
adaptation, what would it most likely be?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Chronic mitral stenosis leads to reduced left ventricular
preload because less blood flows from the left atrium to the ventricle.
With decreased workload, the left ventricular myocardium undergoes
atrophy (decreased cell size). Hypertrophy would occur with increased
workload, not decreased.
7. A patient is brought to the emergency department with a gunshot wound to
the chest. The health care professional assesses an abnormality involving a
pleural rupture that acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on
inspiration but preventing its escape by closing on expiration. What action
by the health care professional is the priority?
A. Draw arterial blood gases
B. Assist with chest tube insertion
C. Give the patient low flow oxygen
D. Assess for clubbing of fingernails
, ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: This describes tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening
condition where air accumulates in the pleural space with no escape.
Immediate chest tube insertion is required to evacuate air and relieve
pressure. ABGs and oxygen are secondary, and clubbing is a chronic
finding not relevant here.
8. Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia
chromosome?
A. ALL
B. AML
C. CML
D. CLL
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22) translocation) is found
in approximately 95% of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cases. It
can also occur in some ALL cases but is classically associated with CML. It
is not characteristic of AML or CLL.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance may lead to a clotting disorder?
A. Hypermagnesemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Calcium is a critical cofactor in the coagulation cascade.
Hypocalcemia prolongs clotting time and can lead to bleeding disorders.
Hypokalemia affects muscle function, hypermagnesemia affects
neuromuscular transmission, and hypernatremia affects fluid balance.
10.Cancer grading is based on:
A. Local invasion
B. Cell differentiation
C. Tumor size
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM AND
FINAL EXAM PREP TEST BANK 1 WITH
350 EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS/ GCU NUR
631
1. Gastritis is most commonly associated with which of the following
conditions?
A. Appendicitis
B. Peptic ulcer disease
C. Cholecystitis
D. Pancreatitis
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa and is most
commonly associated with peptic ulcer disease due to shared etiologies
such as H. pylori infection, NSAID use, and gastric acid hypersecretion.
Appendicitis involves the appendix, cholecystitis involves the gallbladder,
and pancreatitis involves the pancreas.
2. The propulsive movement of the gastrointestinal tract is called:
A. Peristalsis
B. Contraction
C. Transmission
D. Constriction
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Peristalsis is the coordinated rhythmic contraction and
, relaxation of smooth muscle that propels food and waste through the GI
tract. Contraction is a general term, transmission refers to nerve impulse
conduction, and constriction refers to narrowing.
3. Which statement is true about acute pancreatitis?
A. Autoimmune process with IgG attacking pancreatic acinar cells
B. It is usually a mild disease with low mortality
C. Pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreatic cells and tissues
D. Oversecretion of pancreatic enzymes and malnutrition are primary
causes
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Acute pancreatitis is caused by premature activation of
pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas, leading to autodigestion of
pancreatic tissue. It can range from mild to severe with significant
mortality. Autoimmune causes are rare, and oversecretion alone does not
explain the pathogenesis.
4. Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune disorder of the exocrine pancreas
B. Pulmonary disorder involving abnormal expression of a protein producing
viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens
C. Infectious process leading to bronchiectasis
D. Restrictive lung disease of unknown etiology
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by
mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to abnormal chloride and water
transport. This produces thick, viscous mucus that obstructs multiple
organ systems including the lungs, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas
deferens.
5. A patient's echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis. The stenotic
valve creates increased resistance against which the left ventricle contracts.
The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is:
, A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Increased afterload from aortic stenosis forces the left
ventricle to generate higher pressures. Cardiomyocytes respond by
increasing in size (hypertrophy) to augment contractile force. Atrophy
occurs with disuse, hyperplasia is rare in adult cardiac muscle, and
metaplasia is not a cardiac adaptation.
6. A patient with a long history of mitral stenosis develops left atrial failure
and declining left ventricular output. If the left ventricle were to undergo
adaptation, what would it most likely be?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
ANSWER: A
RATIONALE: Chronic mitral stenosis leads to reduced left ventricular
preload because less blood flows from the left atrium to the ventricle.
With decreased workload, the left ventricular myocardium undergoes
atrophy (decreased cell size). Hypertrophy would occur with increased
workload, not decreased.
7. A patient is brought to the emergency department with a gunshot wound to
the chest. The health care professional assesses an abnormality involving a
pleural rupture that acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on
inspiration but preventing its escape by closing on expiration. What action
by the health care professional is the priority?
A. Draw arterial blood gases
B. Assist with chest tube insertion
C. Give the patient low flow oxygen
D. Assess for clubbing of fingernails
, ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: This describes tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening
condition where air accumulates in the pleural space with no escape.
Immediate chest tube insertion is required to evacuate air and relieve
pressure. ABGs and oxygen are secondary, and clubbing is a chronic
finding not relevant here.
8. Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia
chromosome?
A. ALL
B. AML
C. CML
D. CLL
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: The Philadelphia chromosome (t(9;22) translocation) is found
in approximately 95% of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cases. It
can also occur in some ALL cases but is classically associated with CML. It
is not characteristic of AML or CLL.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance may lead to a clotting disorder?
A. Hypermagnesemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Calcium is a critical cofactor in the coagulation cascade.
Hypocalcemia prolongs clotting time and can lead to bleeding disorders.
Hypokalemia affects muscle function, hypermagnesemia affects
neuromuscular transmission, and hypernatremia affects fluid balance.
10.Cancer grading is based on:
A. Local invasion
B. Cell differentiation
C. Tumor size
