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Tax
a required payment to a local, state, or national government
unrelated to any specific benefit or service received from the
government
Key components of a tax
Not voluntary
Payment imposed by government
Payment not tied directly to benefit received by the taxpayer
U.S. constitution article 1, section 8. Clause 1
Congress had the right to lay taxes
,16th Amendment (1913)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on
incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment
among the several States, and without regard to any census or
enumeration.
Tax rate
level of taxes imposed on the tax base and is usually expressed as a
percentage
Tax base
defines what is actually taxed and is usually expressed in monetary
terms
Tax=
tax base x tax rate
Flat tax
a single tax applied to an entire base
, Graduated tax
The base is divided into a series of monetary amounts, or brackets,
and each successive bracket is taxed at a different percentage
rate
Marginal tax rate
The tax rate that applies to the next additional increment of a
taxpayers taxable income
Average tax rate
the taxpayer's average level of taxation on each dollar of taxable
income
Effective tax rate
the taxpayer's average rate of taxation on each dollar of total income
(both taxable and non-taxable)
Proportional tax rate (Flat Tax)
imposes a constant tax rate throughout the tax base (income increases
- tax rate stays constant)
Progressive tax rate
imposes an increasing marginal tax rate as the tax base increases