Samenvatting week 7 (2026) -
European Law (RGBUIER003)
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Deze samenvatting bevat alle belangrijke stof voor deze week van het vak European Law
(RGBUIER003) aan de Universiteit Utrecht in 2026.
De samenvatting bevat handige stappenplannen, overzichtjes en kernpunten per onderwerp.
Perfect om snel en gestructureerd te leren zonder alle stof opnieuw door te ploegen.
Kijk ook eens naar mijn andere materiaal:
● Heb je meer weken gemist? Ik heb van alle weken van dit vak losse samenvattingen
online staan, evenals een voordelige verzamelbundel.
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Week 7: Competition Law 1: Article 101 TFEU
cartel prohibition
Learning objective:
Content:
1 Students understand the objectives of competition law.
2 They comprehend the integration of Article 101 TFEU within the framework of the
EU Treaties and are aware of the various steps required for the application of Article
101 TFEU.
3 Students are able to apply the relevant legislation and case law on Article 101
TFEU to legal questions dealing with anticompetitive collusion and are able to solve
cases.
Skills
1 Students practise analysing a case and solve the case by legal reasoning.
2 Students learn to also see the bigger picture, and understand the legal context of
competition law.
[groen1] 1 | Conditions for article 101 TFEU
Structure of Art. 101 TFEU:
● Para. 1 → Prohibition
● Para. 2 → Invalidity (automatic voidness)
● Para. 3 → Exception & exemptions
Step 1: Outlining of art. 101 TFEU
● Scope of Art. 101 (1) TFEU: The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with
the internal market:
, ○ (i) all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of
undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between
Member States, and;
○ (ii) which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or
distortion of competition within the internal market [..]
● Rechtsgevolgen in Art. 101 (2) TFEU: Any agreements or decisions prohibited
pursuant to this Article shall be automatically void.
● Objectives of competition law:
○ (i) Enhance market efficiency (lower prices, more choice, better quality)
○ (ii) Protect consumer welfare
○ (iii) Creation/protection of the single market (link to four freedoms)
Step 2: Are there 2 or more undertakings?
Definition: An undertaking is every entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of
its legal status and the way in which it is financed (Höfner & Elser, par. 21).
● Economic activity = offering goods or services on the market (Consten &
Grundig), where the activity could in principle be carried on by a private undertaking
for profit (Pavlov). It need not be profit-driven (Ambulanz Glöckner, par. 19).
Includes:
● Private and public entities (public entities only insofar as they engage in economic
activity) (Höfner & Elser, par. 22-23).
● Non-profit organisations providing services for payment (Ambulanz Glöckner, par.
19)
● Sporting associations when engaged in economic activity (e.g. FIFA, UEFA, ISU)
Excludes (not in Art. 101 scope):
● Entities providing services based purely on solidarity (social security schemes) are
NOT undertakings.
○ But pension funds engaging in investment activities on behalf of members
can be (Pavlov).
● Parent & subsidiary forming a single economic entity → if the parent exercises
"decisive influence" over the subsidiary → decisive influence test; 100% shareholding
= presumption of decisive influence (Akzo [week 8]).
● Principal–agent forming a single undertaking → unless the agent bears significant
commercial risk
● Association of undertakings: undertakings of the same general type, representing
common interests (Wouters). Examples: trade associations, UEFA, KNVB.
STEP 3: Is there collusion?
Core principle: each economic operator must independently determine its market policy
(Anic). Collusion ≠ unilateral conduct.
Three forms of collusion:
● 3a) Agreements between undertakings
○ An agreement exists if at least two undertakings reach a consensus on a
plan which limits or is likely to limit their commercial freedom.
European Law (RGBUIER003)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deze samenvatting bevat alle belangrijke stof voor deze week van het vak European Law
(RGBUIER003) aan de Universiteit Utrecht in 2026.
De samenvatting bevat handige stappenplannen, overzichtjes en kernpunten per onderwerp.
Perfect om snel en gestructureerd te leren zonder alle stof opnieuw door te ploegen.
Kijk ook eens naar mijn andere materiaal:
● Heb je meer weken gemist? Ik heb van alle weken van dit vak losse samenvattingen
online staan, evenals een voordelige verzamelbundel.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Week 7: Competition Law 1: Article 101 TFEU
cartel prohibition
Learning objective:
Content:
1 Students understand the objectives of competition law.
2 They comprehend the integration of Article 101 TFEU within the framework of the
EU Treaties and are aware of the various steps required for the application of Article
101 TFEU.
3 Students are able to apply the relevant legislation and case law on Article 101
TFEU to legal questions dealing with anticompetitive collusion and are able to solve
cases.
Skills
1 Students practise analysing a case and solve the case by legal reasoning.
2 Students learn to also see the bigger picture, and understand the legal context of
competition law.
[groen1] 1 | Conditions for article 101 TFEU
Structure of Art. 101 TFEU:
● Para. 1 → Prohibition
● Para. 2 → Invalidity (automatic voidness)
● Para. 3 → Exception & exemptions
Step 1: Outlining of art. 101 TFEU
● Scope of Art. 101 (1) TFEU: The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with
the internal market:
, ○ (i) all agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of
undertakings and concerted practices which may affect trade between
Member States, and;
○ (ii) which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or
distortion of competition within the internal market [..]
● Rechtsgevolgen in Art. 101 (2) TFEU: Any agreements or decisions prohibited
pursuant to this Article shall be automatically void.
● Objectives of competition law:
○ (i) Enhance market efficiency (lower prices, more choice, better quality)
○ (ii) Protect consumer welfare
○ (iii) Creation/protection of the single market (link to four freedoms)
Step 2: Are there 2 or more undertakings?
Definition: An undertaking is every entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of
its legal status and the way in which it is financed (Höfner & Elser, par. 21).
● Economic activity = offering goods or services on the market (Consten &
Grundig), where the activity could in principle be carried on by a private undertaking
for profit (Pavlov). It need not be profit-driven (Ambulanz Glöckner, par. 19).
Includes:
● Private and public entities (public entities only insofar as they engage in economic
activity) (Höfner & Elser, par. 22-23).
● Non-profit organisations providing services for payment (Ambulanz Glöckner, par.
19)
● Sporting associations when engaged in economic activity (e.g. FIFA, UEFA, ISU)
Excludes (not in Art. 101 scope):
● Entities providing services based purely on solidarity (social security schemes) are
NOT undertakings.
○ But pension funds engaging in investment activities on behalf of members
can be (Pavlov).
● Parent & subsidiary forming a single economic entity → if the parent exercises
"decisive influence" over the subsidiary → decisive influence test; 100% shareholding
= presumption of decisive influence (Akzo [week 8]).
● Principal–agent forming a single undertaking → unless the agent bears significant
commercial risk
● Association of undertakings: undertakings of the same general type, representing
common interests (Wouters). Examples: trade associations, UEFA, KNVB.
STEP 3: Is there collusion?
Core principle: each economic operator must independently determine its market policy
(Anic). Collusion ≠ unilateral conduct.
Three forms of collusion:
● 3a) Agreements between undertakings
○ An agreement exists if at least two undertakings reach a consensus on a
plan which limits or is likely to limit their commercial freedom.
