BIOL 1108
BIOL 1108 Exam 4 Study Questions
with Correct Answers 2026 Update
Diabetes -Correct Answer ✔-Body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin
is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of
glucose in the blood and urine
FASTEST growing chronic disease in US
2 types of diabetes with different causes and different treatments, but the same
symptoms
Diabetes leads to
- heart and blood vessel disease
- nerve damage (neuropathy) in limbs
- other nerve damage
- kidney disease
- eye damage
- skin condition
- slow healing
- sleep apnea
- dementia
Digestive Anatomy -Correct Answer ✔-
Digestion -Correct Answer ✔-Involves mechanical and chemical breakdown
Mechanical breakdown is squishing stuff up and breaking it apart into smaller bits that
then have more surface area for the chemical breakdown to occur
There are physical structures like teeth and muscles for the mechanical component and
enzymes to carry out the physical component
What are the enzymes in mouth, stomach, and intestine? -Correct Answer ✔-amylases
(carbs), proteases (proteins), lipases (fats), nucleases (DNA and RNA)
What are the intake macronutrients? -Correct Answer ✔-Carbs, fats, nucleic acids,
proteins
Enzymes -Correct Answer ✔-proteins (mostly) that bring other molecules (substrates)
together or hold them in positions that make it "easier" to form a product from them =
catalysts
reaction rate is temp dependent (until denaturation)
BIOL 1108
,BIOL 1108
is used over and over without being altered
What do enzymes do? -Correct Answer ✔-1) help in signal transduction
2) break down large molecules into smaller substances that can be easily absorbed by
the body
3) they help in generating energy in body
4) responsible for movement of ions across plasma membrane
5) perform a number of biochemical reactions, including oxidation reduction, hydrolysis,
etc to eliminate the non-nutritive substances from the body
6) function to reorganize internal structure of cell to regulate cellular activities
How does an enzyme make processes easier? -Correct Answer ✔-Amount of energy
(heat) needed to bring together/orient substrates if there was no enzyme would be way
higher
Enzyme (protein) and substrate shape dictates binding ability
Amylase -Correct Answer ✔-Enzyme that digests carbohydrates
Product of amylase is maltose
Maltase will eventually breakdown maltose into glucose
Enzymes often act in sequence to completely break down substrates
Found in salivary glands
Amylase has amino acids that interact with starch and make it easier to break the bonds
= lower activation energy!
To break down starch, what needs to be broken? -Correct Answer ✔-Covalent bonds
between glucoses need to be broken
Breaking bonds taken energy
What digestive enzyme is produced in mouth? -Correct Answer ✔-salivary amylase
(starch to maltose)
What digestive enzyme is produced in stomach? -Correct Answer ✔-proteases (protein
to polypeptides)
BIOL 1108
,BIOL 1108
stomach acids (chemical digestion)
What digestive enzyme is produced in liver/gall bladder? -Correct Answer ✔-bile salts
(emulsification of lipids); break down fats
What digestive enzymes are produced in pancreas? -Correct Answer ✔-amylase (starch
to maltose)
lipase (triglycerides to fatty acids)
endopeptidase (peptides to amino acids)
nuclease (dna/rna to nucelosides)
bicarbonate ions (neutralise stomach acid)
What enzyme are in small intestine? -Correct Answer ✔-membrane-bound enzymes
(maltase)
What are all of the digestive enzymes doing? -Correct Answer ✔-All function to split
polymers (molecules with multiple subunits) into monomers or dimers (molecules with
one or two subunits)
Bond polarity -Correct Answer ✔-polar bonds: electrons are not shared evenly between
happens when the atoms have significantly different electronegativities (pull)
result in partial negative and partial positive charges
non-polar bonds: occur when the atoms involved have roughly the same
electronegativities (They can be a little different and we still call them non-polar)
Polar molecules -Correct Answer ✔-have charged regions
these interact well (dissolve in water)
Non-polar molecules -Correct Answer ✔-mostly non-polar bonds
don't dissolve well in water
often have long strings of CH's
"rule of 5": a chain of 5 or more CHs will act non-polar
BIOL 1108
, BIOL 1108
like dissolves like
Proteins: polymers to monomers -Correct Answer ✔-Proteins are more complicated
because they are made up of lots of different amino acids
Primary protein structure -Correct Answer ✔-Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Secondary protein structure -Correct Answer ✔-Local folding of the polypeptide chain
into helices or sheets
Tertiary Protein Structure -Correct Answer ✔-Three dimensional folding pattern of a
protein due to side chain interactions
Quaternary Protein Structure -Correct Answer ✔-Protein consisting of more than one
amino acid chain
Are amino acids usually polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
Are nucleotides polar or nonpolar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
Do fatty acids usually act polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-non-polar
Saturated fats -Correct Answer ✔-Saturated fats have a higher melting point (more solid
at room temp.)
What are the polymers and monomers of carbohydrates? -Correct Answer ✔-polymers
include: starch, cellulose, glycogen
monomers include: glucose (and fructose, dimer is sucrose)
Are carbohydrates polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
How do monomers get into our blood? -Correct Answer ✔-Through our small intestine -
lots of surface area → long → villi
Microvilli -Correct Answer ✔-Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical
epithelial cells that increase surface area and aid in absorption; monomers diffuse
through villi and into the bloodstream
Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer -Correct Answer ✔-Phospholipid:
- phosphate (PO4-very polar)
- glycerol - sugar (slightly polar)
- fatty acid - 2 tails (non-polar)
BIOL 1108
BIOL 1108 Exam 4 Study Questions
with Correct Answers 2026 Update
Diabetes -Correct Answer ✔-Body's ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin
is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of
glucose in the blood and urine
FASTEST growing chronic disease in US
2 types of diabetes with different causes and different treatments, but the same
symptoms
Diabetes leads to
- heart and blood vessel disease
- nerve damage (neuropathy) in limbs
- other nerve damage
- kidney disease
- eye damage
- skin condition
- slow healing
- sleep apnea
- dementia
Digestive Anatomy -Correct Answer ✔-
Digestion -Correct Answer ✔-Involves mechanical and chemical breakdown
Mechanical breakdown is squishing stuff up and breaking it apart into smaller bits that
then have more surface area for the chemical breakdown to occur
There are physical structures like teeth and muscles for the mechanical component and
enzymes to carry out the physical component
What are the enzymes in mouth, stomach, and intestine? -Correct Answer ✔-amylases
(carbs), proteases (proteins), lipases (fats), nucleases (DNA and RNA)
What are the intake macronutrients? -Correct Answer ✔-Carbs, fats, nucleic acids,
proteins
Enzymes -Correct Answer ✔-proteins (mostly) that bring other molecules (substrates)
together or hold them in positions that make it "easier" to form a product from them =
catalysts
reaction rate is temp dependent (until denaturation)
BIOL 1108
,BIOL 1108
is used over and over without being altered
What do enzymes do? -Correct Answer ✔-1) help in signal transduction
2) break down large molecules into smaller substances that can be easily absorbed by
the body
3) they help in generating energy in body
4) responsible for movement of ions across plasma membrane
5) perform a number of biochemical reactions, including oxidation reduction, hydrolysis,
etc to eliminate the non-nutritive substances from the body
6) function to reorganize internal structure of cell to regulate cellular activities
How does an enzyme make processes easier? -Correct Answer ✔-Amount of energy
(heat) needed to bring together/orient substrates if there was no enzyme would be way
higher
Enzyme (protein) and substrate shape dictates binding ability
Amylase -Correct Answer ✔-Enzyme that digests carbohydrates
Product of amylase is maltose
Maltase will eventually breakdown maltose into glucose
Enzymes often act in sequence to completely break down substrates
Found in salivary glands
Amylase has amino acids that interact with starch and make it easier to break the bonds
= lower activation energy!
To break down starch, what needs to be broken? -Correct Answer ✔-Covalent bonds
between glucoses need to be broken
Breaking bonds taken energy
What digestive enzyme is produced in mouth? -Correct Answer ✔-salivary amylase
(starch to maltose)
What digestive enzyme is produced in stomach? -Correct Answer ✔-proteases (protein
to polypeptides)
BIOL 1108
,BIOL 1108
stomach acids (chemical digestion)
What digestive enzyme is produced in liver/gall bladder? -Correct Answer ✔-bile salts
(emulsification of lipids); break down fats
What digestive enzymes are produced in pancreas? -Correct Answer ✔-amylase (starch
to maltose)
lipase (triglycerides to fatty acids)
endopeptidase (peptides to amino acids)
nuclease (dna/rna to nucelosides)
bicarbonate ions (neutralise stomach acid)
What enzyme are in small intestine? -Correct Answer ✔-membrane-bound enzymes
(maltase)
What are all of the digestive enzymes doing? -Correct Answer ✔-All function to split
polymers (molecules with multiple subunits) into monomers or dimers (molecules with
one or two subunits)
Bond polarity -Correct Answer ✔-polar bonds: electrons are not shared evenly between
happens when the atoms have significantly different electronegativities (pull)
result in partial negative and partial positive charges
non-polar bonds: occur when the atoms involved have roughly the same
electronegativities (They can be a little different and we still call them non-polar)
Polar molecules -Correct Answer ✔-have charged regions
these interact well (dissolve in water)
Non-polar molecules -Correct Answer ✔-mostly non-polar bonds
don't dissolve well in water
often have long strings of CH's
"rule of 5": a chain of 5 or more CHs will act non-polar
BIOL 1108
, BIOL 1108
like dissolves like
Proteins: polymers to monomers -Correct Answer ✔-Proteins are more complicated
because they are made up of lots of different amino acids
Primary protein structure -Correct Answer ✔-Sequence of a chain of amino acids
Secondary protein structure -Correct Answer ✔-Local folding of the polypeptide chain
into helices or sheets
Tertiary Protein Structure -Correct Answer ✔-Three dimensional folding pattern of a
protein due to side chain interactions
Quaternary Protein Structure -Correct Answer ✔-Protein consisting of more than one
amino acid chain
Are amino acids usually polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
Are nucleotides polar or nonpolar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
Do fatty acids usually act polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-non-polar
Saturated fats -Correct Answer ✔-Saturated fats have a higher melting point (more solid
at room temp.)
What are the polymers and monomers of carbohydrates? -Correct Answer ✔-polymers
include: starch, cellulose, glycogen
monomers include: glucose (and fructose, dimer is sucrose)
Are carbohydrates polar or non-polar? -Correct Answer ✔-polar
How do monomers get into our blood? -Correct Answer ✔-Through our small intestine -
lots of surface area → long → villi
Microvilli -Correct Answer ✔-Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical
epithelial cells that increase surface area and aid in absorption; monomers diffuse
through villi and into the bloodstream
Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer -Correct Answer ✔-Phospholipid:
- phosphate (PO4-very polar)
- glycerol - sugar (slightly polar)
- fatty acid - 2 tails (non-polar)
BIOL 1108
