NSG-3280 EXAM 3 | QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | 2026 UPDATES |
100% CORRECT
primary injury - ANSWER- initial damage to the brain that results from the traumatic event
not reversible
secondary injury - ANSWER- an insult to the brain subsequent to the original traumatic event
progressive with delayed cell death
The more time that the injury effects the brain - ANSWER- the more tissue that is
affected/gone (Time is tissue)
The three types of mechanisms of brain injury - ANSWER- ischemia, hypoxia, increased ICP
The three compartments of the cranium include: - ANSWER- Brain tissue, CSF, and blood
The normal range of ICP is - ANSWER- 0-15mm Hg
If one of the compartments in the cranium increases, what happen to the other two parts? -
ANSWER- they decrease
If all three of the compartments of the cranium while one of the compartments is increased,
what can happen? - ANSWER- Possible brain herniation
What could happen if there is a sudden decrease in CSF fluid? - ANSWER- Brain herniation
If the patient has increased ICP, should you do a lumbar puncture? - ANSWER- Hell no
delirious - ANSWER- in an acutely disturbed state of mind resulting from illness or
intoxication and characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and
speech.
Obtunded - ANSWER- Less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a
result of a medical condition or trauma.
,Falls asleep unless stimulated
Stuporous - ANSWER- Deep states of sleep: vigorous stimulation is required but pt cannot
stay awake
comatose - ANSWER- Unable to be aroused, even with vigorous painful stimuli; motor
responses,such as withdrawal or posturing, may occur
Decorticate posturing - ANSWER- Contractures toward their core
Decerebrate posturing - ANSWER- posturing in which the neck is extended with jaw
clenched; arms are pronated, extended, and close to the sides; legs are extended straight out;
more ominous sign of brain stem damage. Most Severe.
dysconjugate gaze - ANSWER- paralysis of gaze or lack of coordination between the
movements of the two eyes
ocular palsies - ANSWER- One or more cranial nerves dysfunctional such that motor paralysis
of the eye impairs movements in one or more directions
Doll's eye reflex - ANSWER- when you move the head, the eyes should move, then return to a
central position; in some brain injuries, the eyes will be fixed centrally
cold calorics test - ANSWER- tests for brain stem function with cold water. Eyes should divert
to side where cold water is being put on
coup injury - ANSWER- brain injury at the site of impact
contracoup injury - ANSWER- brain injury on the opposite side of impact
GCS is taken first________ hours after a TBI - ANSWER- 48
The primary injury after a TBI is a - ANSWER- hematoma:
epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
WHICH CAN CAUSE INCREASE OF ICP
Collection of blood between the dura and skull
, LOC can be normal and then rapidly decreases - ANSWER- epidural hematoma
Collection of blood between the dura and outer layer of arachnoid membrane: typically involves
bridging veins
Slower onset / prone to rebreeding - ANSWER- Subdural hematoma
Collection of blood between the arachnoid membrane and the Pia mater
Meningeal irritation - ANSWER- Subarachnoid hematoma
CSF should have high amounts of - ANSWER- glucose
If there is a blockage of CSF to the brain, - ANSWER- swelling could occur
Stroke Sequelae - ANSWER- Effects on body after the stroke
Thrombolitic strokes comes from - ANSWER- atherosclerosis / coagulopathies
Embolitic stroke - ANSWER- associated with cardiac dysfunction/ dysrhythmias (A-fib)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ANSWER- Minor stroke; where neurological function is
regained quickly with time
fully resolves within 24 hours
Hemorrhage within the brain parenchyma secondary to severe, chronic hypertension -
ANSWER- hemorrhagic stroke
Loss of visual field on paralyzed side contributes to "neglect" - ANSWER- Hemiattention
Poor articulation and sparse vocabulary with simple sentences - ANSWER- Brocas aphasia
Impaired auditory comprehension, speech fluent but doesn't make sense - ANSWER-
Wernickes aphasia
Lesion of an artery that results in dilation and ballooning of a segment of the vessel - ANSWER-
Cerebral aneurysm
HTN, acute alcohol intoxication, and cocaine use are - ANSWER- risk factors for aneurysms
ANSWERS | A+ GRADED | 2026 UPDATES |
100% CORRECT
primary injury - ANSWER- initial damage to the brain that results from the traumatic event
not reversible
secondary injury - ANSWER- an insult to the brain subsequent to the original traumatic event
progressive with delayed cell death
The more time that the injury effects the brain - ANSWER- the more tissue that is
affected/gone (Time is tissue)
The three types of mechanisms of brain injury - ANSWER- ischemia, hypoxia, increased ICP
The three compartments of the cranium include: - ANSWER- Brain tissue, CSF, and blood
The normal range of ICP is - ANSWER- 0-15mm Hg
If one of the compartments in the cranium increases, what happen to the other two parts? -
ANSWER- they decrease
If all three of the compartments of the cranium while one of the compartments is increased,
what can happen? - ANSWER- Possible brain herniation
What could happen if there is a sudden decrease in CSF fluid? - ANSWER- Brain herniation
If the patient has increased ICP, should you do a lumbar puncture? - ANSWER- Hell no
delirious - ANSWER- in an acutely disturbed state of mind resulting from illness or
intoxication and characterized by restlessness, illusions, and incoherence of thought and
speech.
Obtunded - ANSWER- Less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a
result of a medical condition or trauma.
,Falls asleep unless stimulated
Stuporous - ANSWER- Deep states of sleep: vigorous stimulation is required but pt cannot
stay awake
comatose - ANSWER- Unable to be aroused, even with vigorous painful stimuli; motor
responses,such as withdrawal or posturing, may occur
Decorticate posturing - ANSWER- Contractures toward their core
Decerebrate posturing - ANSWER- posturing in which the neck is extended with jaw
clenched; arms are pronated, extended, and close to the sides; legs are extended straight out;
more ominous sign of brain stem damage. Most Severe.
dysconjugate gaze - ANSWER- paralysis of gaze or lack of coordination between the
movements of the two eyes
ocular palsies - ANSWER- One or more cranial nerves dysfunctional such that motor paralysis
of the eye impairs movements in one or more directions
Doll's eye reflex - ANSWER- when you move the head, the eyes should move, then return to a
central position; in some brain injuries, the eyes will be fixed centrally
cold calorics test - ANSWER- tests for brain stem function with cold water. Eyes should divert
to side where cold water is being put on
coup injury - ANSWER- brain injury at the site of impact
contracoup injury - ANSWER- brain injury on the opposite side of impact
GCS is taken first________ hours after a TBI - ANSWER- 48
The primary injury after a TBI is a - ANSWER- hematoma:
epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
WHICH CAN CAUSE INCREASE OF ICP
Collection of blood between the dura and skull
, LOC can be normal and then rapidly decreases - ANSWER- epidural hematoma
Collection of blood between the dura and outer layer of arachnoid membrane: typically involves
bridging veins
Slower onset / prone to rebreeding - ANSWER- Subdural hematoma
Collection of blood between the arachnoid membrane and the Pia mater
Meningeal irritation - ANSWER- Subarachnoid hematoma
CSF should have high amounts of - ANSWER- glucose
If there is a blockage of CSF to the brain, - ANSWER- swelling could occur
Stroke Sequelae - ANSWER- Effects on body after the stroke
Thrombolitic strokes comes from - ANSWER- atherosclerosis / coagulopathies
Embolitic stroke - ANSWER- associated with cardiac dysfunction/ dysrhythmias (A-fib)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ANSWER- Minor stroke; where neurological function is
regained quickly with time
fully resolves within 24 hours
Hemorrhage within the brain parenchyma secondary to severe, chronic hypertension -
ANSWER- hemorrhagic stroke
Loss of visual field on paralyzed side contributes to "neglect" - ANSWER- Hemiattention
Poor articulation and sparse vocabulary with simple sentences - ANSWER- Brocas aphasia
Impaired auditory comprehension, speech fluent but doesn't make sense - ANSWER-
Wernickes aphasia
Lesion of an artery that results in dilation and ballooning of a segment of the vessel - ANSWER-
Cerebral aneurysm
HTN, acute alcohol intoxication, and cocaine use are - ANSWER- risk factors for aneurysms
