CHAPTER 18 Final Exam With Multiple Choices Questions And Answers

We consider both mineral resources and energy resources to be _____________ resources, many of which have a geologic origin. - correct answers natural What type of stresses are largely responsible for the folds which trap oil and gas in the Arabian Peninsula? - correct answers Compressional The eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula shown in this cross section subsided because of ____________ faulting. (The cross section runs southwest to northeast.) - correct answers reverse Hydrocarbons such as petroleum and coal are composed primarily of _____________ and ____________ atoms. - correct answers carbon; hydrogen Which two of the following are the primary sources of organic material needed to form petroleum? - correct answers Bacteria Algae Mineral resources are used for creating materials whereas _____________ resources are used for power. - correct answers energy Which of these describe the geology of the Arabian Peninsula? - correct answers Compressional forces have created structures that trap oil and gas. All three types of plate boundaries are present. The folds, salt domes, and oil fields are located in the ______ of the Arabian Peninsula. (The cross section runs southwest to northeast.) - correct answers eastern Petroleum and natural gas are formed from the combination of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms and are collectively referred to as _____________. - correct answers hydrocarbons Most petroleum products are formed from ______ that occur in great abundance in water sources such as oceans and lakes. - correct answers microorganisms What is a source rock? - correct answers One that has enough organic material to produce petroleum Match the temperature with the type of oil and gas it results in. - correct answers Less than about 60o Celsius - Kerogen 60 to 120o Celsius - Heavy and light oils 120 to 200o - Natural gas Rank the following substances from lightest to heaviest, with the lightest at the top. - correct answers 1. Natural gas 2. Petroleum 3. Salt water For petroleum and natural gas to be produced, which of the following is absolutely necessary for their formation? - correct answers Microorganisms living in ancient lakes and oceans A rock that contains enough organic material to produce petroleum is called a(n) ____________ rock. - correct answers source Rocks that are _____ allow oil, natural gas, and groundwater to flow through them and even seep to the surface. - correct answers porous and permeable Which of these three resources needs temperatures of 120-200°C to form? - correct answers natural gas Oil will float on ______________, and natural gas will be on top of the ___________. - correct answers water; oil Rank the choices from the beginning stage to the final formation of petroleum and natural gas. (Place the beginning stage on top.) - correct answers 1. Microorganisms in oceans or lakes die and settle to the bottom. 2. Organics are buried under sediments. 3. At shallow depths and moderate temperatures, organics are converted to kerogen. 4. Source rocks are buried and heated further and become oil and gas. Oil, natural gas, and groundwater can flow through rocks that are _________ and even seep to the surface. - correct answers porous OR permeable The tar at the La Brea Tar Pits is formed from petroleum that seeped to the surface and whose lighter, more volatile components _______________, leaving behind the sticky tar. - correct answers evaporated Oil field, gas field, and oil and gas field are terms that are used to describe the area of __________ rock where hydrocarbons are located. - correct answers reservoir OR source A(n) ______ is a rock unit with high porosity and permeability in which petroleum and natural gas can be trapped. - correct answers reservoir The La Brea Tar Pits are an important source of ______ that allow scientists to study past life-forms. - correct answers fossils In order for petroleum to accumulate, an impermeable layer of rock must overlay the reservoir to prevent the oil and natural gas from escaping. - correct answers True Which of the following could be used to describe an area of reservoir rock at depth that contains hydrocarbons? - correct answers Oil and gas field Gas field Oil field Select the geologic formations that can trap petroleum and natural gas. - correct answers Salt domes Anticlines Unconformities Faults The feature shown here, which can trap petroleum when it flows to escape pressure and rises above the more dense surrounding rock, is a salt ____________. - correct answers dome A reservoir is a rock unit in which _________ and natural gas can be trapped. - correct answers oil Match the type of trap with how it works to trap oil and gas. - correct answers Normal fault - Petroleum migrates through sedimentary layers, that have been displaced, until reaching the impermeable rock. Unconformity - Petroleum migrates up tilted layers of rock and is trapped by impermeable sedimentary layers overlying this erosional surface. Thrust fault - Petroleum is trapped in sedimentary units which have been folded upward into an anticline. Facies change - Petroleum migrates until the unit changes character or thins and ends. The largest petroleum basins in the eastern U.S. are the ______ Basin and the ______ Basin. - correct answers Michigan Appalachian Anticlines, faults, and salt domes can serve as places where oil and natural gas become trapped. What they all have in common is that there is ____________ rock above the oil and natural gas; otherwise, it would have escaped. - correct answers impermeable, cap, OR nonporous ______ domes are formed by relatively low-density material rising above the surrounding rocks; they can cause petroleum to be trapped in overlying and adjacent rocks. - correct answers Salt Hydraulic _______ was developed recently as an economical way to drill for deep shale gas and shale oils by breaking reservoir rocks with high-pressure fluid. - correct answers fracturing Faults can create petroleum traps. A ___________ fault might force rock layers upward until they fold into an anticline, whereas a ____________ fault may displace sedimentary layers against an impermeable rock. - correct answers thrust; normal Conventional oil and gas occur in typical geologic traps near Earth's surface within porous sedimentary rocks, whereas unconventional oil and gas occur in ______ rock thousands of feet below the surface. - correct answers shale Unconventional oil and gas is unable to be released from the reservoir rock and migrate to the surface naturally because shales are less ______ than the source rocks for conventional oil and gas. - correct answers permeable The majority of the petroleum basins in the U.S. (excluding Alaska) are located ______. - correct answers to the south and west of a line extending from the Gulf Coast of Florida to the middle of North Dakota What is involved in the process of hydraulic fracturing? - correct answers Highly pressurized fluid Horizontal drilling Deep reservoirs of ______ can be accessed using hydraulic fracturing where a fluid is injected under high pressure to break reservoir rocks. - correct answers natural gas oil Match the type of petroleum resource with the geologic features with which it is associated. - correct answers Conventional - Anticlines and other geologic traps near the surface Unconventional - Deep shale rocks (thousands of feet below the surface) Shale gas and shale oil contain enough organic material to generate oil and gas, but they have a low __________ which doesn't allow the petroleum to migrate into a reservoir rock. - correct answers permeability Most of the shale formations in the U.S., from which we harvest oil and gas, formed ______. - correct answers in shallow seas Place the steps of hydraulic fracturing in order, with the first step on top. - correct answers 1. The targeted shale formation is drilled to the desired depth. 2. Drilling occurs horizontally in the shale formation. 3. The drill hole is fitted with a steel casing to prevent drilling chemicals from leaking. 4. Millions of gallons of water, mixed with sand and chemicals, are pumped down the hole. 5. The frack fluid is pressurized, causing fractures to open in the shale rock. 6. Gas and oil migrate out of the fractures in the shale rock. The map shows the main regions of the United States where ___________ gas and oil are located. - correct answers shale Organic mud that accumulates in shallow seas gives rise to ___________, a type of sedimentary rock that forms oil and natural gas when buried and heated. - correct answers shale The fact that natural gas ______ is a benefit of hydraulic fracturing. - correct answers is low cost is the cleanest burning fossil fuel is plentiful Which of these areas in the United States is the only one that does not have significant resources of shale gas or shale oil? - correct answers Nevada All of the following are environmental concerns when hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling for natural gas except ______. - correct answers risk of collapse due to mining Reason: drilled, not mined All of the following are benefits of hydraulic fracturing except ______. - correct answers it produces no greenhouse gases Reason: Although natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel, it still produces methane, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Which of the following conditions is required for the formation of coal? - correct answers Plant material accumulation on the surface must be greater than the input of sand, clay, or other sediments. Rank the three types of coal from the most dense (on top) to the least dense. - correct answers 1. Anthracite 2. Bituminous 3. Lignite