NSG 3280 - Exam 3 - Study Guide | Actual Questions
and detailed Answers | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - ANSWER- Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery due to a
thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER- Atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, clot
in brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER- Cardiac dysfunction, dysrhythmias -
atrial fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - ANSWER- Contralateral
hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - ANSWER- CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Hemorrhage within the brain
parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most occur in
basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - ANSWER- Similar to ischemic
stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - ANSWER- inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding
the joints)
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Genetic, X-linked trait -
only affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid to leak into
cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER- Calf
muscles enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation
leads to muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle weakness, frequent
falling by age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair, survival is grim due to
heart failure and pulmonary infection
, What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Bone density degradation, rate of bone
resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Female, Caucasian, Asian, menopause
- decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption, type 1
diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Dual-energy Xray absorptiometry
(DEXA) scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Multivariate depending on
risk factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles, chronic
changes in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms & immobility
joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Metabolic bone disease, excessive
reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact bone,
theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - ANSWER- Inspection/physical exam, mosaic
bone features on x-ray, family history
What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - ANSWER- Undetected in acute phase,
symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic, progressed: stiff
joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal bone formation
becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness, facial paralysis,
and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Neurological disease,
leads to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve
injury/DM/pernicious anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal
cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can
affect both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER- Xray, co-morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER- Painful,
swollen, deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Hearing is disturbed in the
inner ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually irreversible, caused by
and detailed Answers | A+ Graded | 2026 Updates |
100% correct
What is an ischemic stroke? (patho) - ANSWER- Sudden occlusion of cerebral artery due to a
thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (travelling clot)
What causes thrombotic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER- Atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, clot
in brain
What causes embolic strokes? (etiology) - ANSWER- Cardiac dysfunction, dysrhythmias -
atrial fibrillation (a. fib)
What are the clinical manifestations of an ischemic stroke? - ANSWER- Contralateral
hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss, contralateral field blindness
What are diagnostics for strokes? - ANSWER- CT, MRI, CT-A, symptomology
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Hemorrhage within the brain
parenchyma (brain's functional tissue), secondary to severe/chronic hypertension, most occur in
basal ganglia/thalamus, higher mortality than ischemic stroke
What are the clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke? - ANSWER- Similar to ischemic
stroke - contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis/weakness on one side), hemisensory loss,
contralateral visual field blindness, plus signs of increased ICP/brain herniation, headache
What is bursitis? - ANSWER- inflammation of the bursae (small fluid-filled sacs surrounding
the joints)
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Genetic, X-linked trait -
only affects males, muscle cells deficient in dystrophin (a protein that allows fluid to leak into
cells)
What are the clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER- Calf
muscles enlarged due to infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation
leads to muscle fiber necrosis & muscle degeneration, progressive muscle weakness, frequent
falling by age 5-6 y/o, children 12-14 y/o usually confined to wheelchair, survival is grim due to
heart failure and pulmonary infection
, What is Osteoporosis? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Bone density degradation, rate of bone
resorption is greater than bone formation
What are the risk factors for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Female, Caucasian, Asian, menopause
- decreased estrogen, family history, increased age, smoking, alcohol consumption, type 1
diabetes, medications: corticosteroids, antiepileptic agents, thyroid supplements
What are the diagnostics for Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Dual-energy Xray absorptiometry
(DEXA) scan, CT, assessment of risk factors
What are the clinical manifestations of Osteoporosis? - ANSWER- Multivariate depending on
risk factors & age-related changes, asymptomatic until fracture, wrist, hips, ankles, chronic
changes in bone structure may impair breathing, stooping, leads to muscle spasms & immobility
joints
What is Paget disease? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Metabolic bone disease, excessive
reabsorption followed by excessive bone formation, weak & less structurally compact bone,
theories - genetic, viral infection affects osteoclastic (cells that break down) function
What are the diagnostics for Paget disease? - ANSWER- Inspection/physical exam, mosaic
bone features on x-ray, family history
What are the clinical manifestations of Paget disease? - ANSWER- Undetected in acute phase,
symptoms after age 40, difficult to detect (genetic/viral), early: asymptomatic, progressed: stiff
joints, progressively worsening pain, bending/soft/pliable bones, subperiosteal bone formation
becomes hard & thickened, cranial bone thickening leading to vertigo, dizziness, facial paralysis,
and blindness
What is Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Neurological disease,
leads to bone & joint abnormalities, can be a complication of peripheral nerve
injury/DM/pernicious anemia/multiple sclerosis (MS)/syringomyelia - fluid-filled cyst in spinal
cord
Loss of proprioception (body awareness) & pain responses, motor neuron involvement can
affect both upper & lower motor neurons
What are the diagnostics for Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER- Xray, co-morbidities
What are the clinical manifestations Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy? - ANSWER- Painful,
swollen, deformed joints, unstable joints
What is sensorineural hearing loss? (etiology/patho) - ANSWER- Hearing is disturbed in the
inner ear in the cochlea or vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain, usually irreversible, caused by
