NR 507 Pathophysiology Exam
Study Guide – Practice
Questions with Verified
Answers. GRADED A+. Latest
2026/2027 Update
Oxygen transportation step 1 - Answer✔✔-Air is inhaled through the process
of ventilation (mechanical movement of gas or air into or out of the lungs)
Oxygen transportation step 2 - Answer✔✔-oxygen diffused from the alveoli
into pulmonary capillaries, moving oxygen from the pulmonary veins to the left
side of the heart to the aorta into systemic arterial circulation
Oxygen transportation step 3 - Answer✔✔-Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2
in the blood stream, which occurs via the alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the
systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
Oxygen transportation step 4 - Answer✔✔-oxygen is diffused from the
systemic capillaries to each and every cell
,Gas CO2 transport step 1 - Answer✔✔-Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from
cells into systemic capillaries
Gas CO2 transport step 2 - Answer✔✔-Perfusion of the systemic capillaries
with deoxygenated blood through the venous circulation, to the vena cava into
the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary arteries (ART carry deoxygenated
blood)
Gas CO2 transport step 3 - Answer✔✔-Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary
arteries into alveoli through pulmonary capillaries
Gas CO2 transport step 4 - Answer✔✔-Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs
from removal of CO2
What are bronchioles? - Answer✔✔-smallest of the conducting airways,
branch out from the alveoli and connect to the alveoli
What are the three layers of the bronchioles? - Answer✔✔-Epithelial layer
(inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells, and ciliated cells.
Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
What are the bronchioles controlled by? - Answer✔✔-The autonomic nervous
system
Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release
neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to
bronchial constriction (decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure to
external substances
,Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine-- binds
to beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
What is asthma? - Answer✔✔-chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial
mucosa caused by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways,
and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Asthma signs and symptoms - Answer✔✔-Those are asymptomatic between
attacks. Beginning of attacks--chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea,
nonproductive coughing, prolonged expiration, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing during both
inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP during inspiration
Anti-cholingeric drugs for asthma - Answer✔✔-Tiotropium and Ipratropium-
these drugs block acetylcholine binding--- leading to bronchodilation through
decrease in the parasympathetic response
What causes bronchitis and associated pathogenesis? - Answer✔✔-acute
causes- infection or inflammation
chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
Chronic bronchitis - Answer✔✔-Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a
long time. Productive cough that continues for at least three months for a year
for 2 years consecutive years. Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the
airways to noxious particles or gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in
mucous glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy with
fibrosis, narrowing of airways
, Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired ciliary
function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to airway injury and
ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
Chronic bronchitis and acid/base disturbances - Answer✔✔-narrowed airway--
obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch with hypoxemia
Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing
increase
Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
Polycythemia vera - Answer✔✔-chronic neoplastic, nonmalignant condition
that is characterized by overproduction of red blood cells (often with an
increase levels of WBC and platelets) and splenomegaly
chronic bronchitis (marked hypoxemia) leads to ... - Answer✔✔-polycythemia
and cyanosis
what is an essential component of polycythemia vera - Answer✔✔-
Erythrocytosis; clonal proliferation of erythoid progenitors occurs in the bone
marrow independent of erythropoietin, even though the cells express a normal
erythropoietin receptor
alveolar hyperinflation with asthma - Answer✔✔-airway obstruction increases
airflow resistance and decreases flow rate---
impaired expiration causes air trapping, hyperinflation distal to obstruction and
increased work of breathing--
Study Guide – Practice
Questions with Verified
Answers. GRADED A+. Latest
2026/2027 Update
Oxygen transportation step 1 - Answer✔✔-Air is inhaled through the process
of ventilation (mechanical movement of gas or air into or out of the lungs)
Oxygen transportation step 2 - Answer✔✔-oxygen diffused from the alveoli
into pulmonary capillaries, moving oxygen from the pulmonary veins to the left
side of the heart to the aorta into systemic arterial circulation
Oxygen transportation step 3 - Answer✔✔-Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2
in the blood stream, which occurs via the alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the
systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
Oxygen transportation step 4 - Answer✔✔-oxygen is diffused from the
systemic capillaries to each and every cell
,Gas CO2 transport step 1 - Answer✔✔-Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from
cells into systemic capillaries
Gas CO2 transport step 2 - Answer✔✔-Perfusion of the systemic capillaries
with deoxygenated blood through the venous circulation, to the vena cava into
the right side of the heart, to the pulmonary arteries (ART carry deoxygenated
blood)
Gas CO2 transport step 3 - Answer✔✔-Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary
arteries into alveoli through pulmonary capillaries
Gas CO2 transport step 4 - Answer✔✔-Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs
from removal of CO2
What are bronchioles? - Answer✔✔-smallest of the conducting airways,
branch out from the alveoli and connect to the alveoli
What are the three layers of the bronchioles? - Answer✔✔-Epithelial layer
(inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells, and ciliated cells.
Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
What are the bronchioles controlled by? - Answer✔✔-The autonomic nervous
system
Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release
neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to
bronchial constriction (decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure to
external substances
,Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine-- binds
to beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
What is asthma? - Answer✔✔-chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial
mucosa caused by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways,
and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Asthma signs and symptoms - Answer✔✔-Those are asymptomatic between
attacks. Beginning of attacks--chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea,
nonproductive coughing, prolonged expiration, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing during both
inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP during inspiration
Anti-cholingeric drugs for asthma - Answer✔✔-Tiotropium and Ipratropium-
these drugs block acetylcholine binding--- leading to bronchodilation through
decrease in the parasympathetic response
What causes bronchitis and associated pathogenesis? - Answer✔✔-acute
causes- infection or inflammation
chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
Chronic bronchitis - Answer✔✔-Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a
long time. Productive cough that continues for at least three months for a year
for 2 years consecutive years. Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the
airways to noxious particles or gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in
mucous glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy with
fibrosis, narrowing of airways
, Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired ciliary
function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to airway injury and
ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
Chronic bronchitis and acid/base disturbances - Answer✔✔-narrowed airway--
obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch with hypoxemia
Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing
increase
Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
Polycythemia vera - Answer✔✔-chronic neoplastic, nonmalignant condition
that is characterized by overproduction of red blood cells (often with an
increase levels of WBC and platelets) and splenomegaly
chronic bronchitis (marked hypoxemia) leads to ... - Answer✔✔-polycythemia
and cyanosis
what is an essential component of polycythemia vera - Answer✔✔-
Erythrocytosis; clonal proliferation of erythoid progenitors occurs in the bone
marrow independent of erythropoietin, even though the cells express a normal
erythropoietin receptor
alveolar hyperinflation with asthma - Answer✔✔-airway obstruction increases
airflow resistance and decreases flow rate---
impaired expiration causes air trapping, hyperinflation distal to obstruction and
increased work of breathing--
