CPH Exam Biostatistics with Quality Questions and Smart Answers Easy Pass
Alternative hypothesis - ✔✔✔-*reflects the anticipated or hypothesized difference or effect.
ANOVA - ✔✔✔-*When there are more than two independent groups
*there are k (≥2) independent groups and again variances among groups are assumed to be
equal
*data are assumed to follow a normal distribution
Bar chart - ✔✔✔-*used to summarize a categoricla or nominal variable
Bias - ✔✔✔-*a systematic error in a study that leads to uncertainty about the estimates
generated from the study.
*actually caused by the investigators in the design or conduct of the study
Biostatistics definition: - ✔✔✔-The development and application of statistical reasoning and
methods in addressing, analyzing, and solving problems in public health, health care,
biomedical, clinical, and population-based research.
Box-and-Whisker plot - ✔✔✔-*used to summarize continuous data.
Categorical and ordinal variables bet summarized by: - ✔✔✔-*frequency (count) and proportio
nor relative frequency of participants in each response category.
Categorical/nominal - ✔✔✔-discrete variables with more than 2 unordered response options
Central Limit Theorem - ✔✔✔-*states that regardless of the distribution of the population
(normal or otherwise), if we take simple random samples from the population and for each
sample compute the sample mean (); if the sample size is large (usually n ≥ 30 is sufficient) then
the distribution of the sample means is approximately normal.
, CPH Exam Biostatistics with Quality Questions and Smart Answers Easy Pass
Central tendency and variability: - ✔✔✔-*mean and standard deviation.
*when there are outliers, use median and interquartile range(Q3-Q1)
Chi-square goodness of fit test - ✔✔✔-used to compare the observed responses in each
category of a discrete variable to a known distribution
Chi-square test of independence - ✔✔✔-When there are two or more independent groups and
the outcome is discrete (with 2 or more response options)
CI estimate for the unknown proportion (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confidence Interval - ✔✔✔-point estimate ± margin of error, where the point estimate is the
best estimate of the unknown parameter and the margin of error is the product of the
confidence level and the standard error (or the variability of the point estimate)
Confidence Interval Equation - ✔✔✔-x +/- t [s/sqrt(n)]
*x is the mean in the study sample; t is the value from the t distribution reflecting the desired
CI; s is the standard deviation in the study sample; n is the sample size
Confidence interval for the difference in means (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confidence interval for the difference in proportions (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
confidence interval for the mean difference (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confounders - ✔✔✔-other variables that are related to the risk factor of interest and also to the
outcome that may mask or enhance an association between the risk factor of interest and the
outcome.
Alternative hypothesis - ✔✔✔-*reflects the anticipated or hypothesized difference or effect.
ANOVA - ✔✔✔-*When there are more than two independent groups
*there are k (≥2) independent groups and again variances among groups are assumed to be
equal
*data are assumed to follow a normal distribution
Bar chart - ✔✔✔-*used to summarize a categoricla or nominal variable
Bias - ✔✔✔-*a systematic error in a study that leads to uncertainty about the estimates
generated from the study.
*actually caused by the investigators in the design or conduct of the study
Biostatistics definition: - ✔✔✔-The development and application of statistical reasoning and
methods in addressing, analyzing, and solving problems in public health, health care,
biomedical, clinical, and population-based research.
Box-and-Whisker plot - ✔✔✔-*used to summarize continuous data.
Categorical and ordinal variables bet summarized by: - ✔✔✔-*frequency (count) and proportio
nor relative frequency of participants in each response category.
Categorical/nominal - ✔✔✔-discrete variables with more than 2 unordered response options
Central Limit Theorem - ✔✔✔-*states that regardless of the distribution of the population
(normal or otherwise), if we take simple random samples from the population and for each
sample compute the sample mean (); if the sample size is large (usually n ≥ 30 is sufficient) then
the distribution of the sample means is approximately normal.
, CPH Exam Biostatistics with Quality Questions and Smart Answers Easy Pass
Central tendency and variability: - ✔✔✔-*mean and standard deviation.
*when there are outliers, use median and interquartile range(Q3-Q1)
Chi-square goodness of fit test - ✔✔✔-used to compare the observed responses in each
category of a discrete variable to a known distribution
Chi-square test of independence - ✔✔✔-When there are two or more independent groups and
the outcome is discrete (with 2 or more response options)
CI estimate for the unknown proportion (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confidence Interval - ✔✔✔-point estimate ± margin of error, where the point estimate is the
best estimate of the unknown parameter and the margin of error is the product of the
confidence level and the standard error (or the variability of the point estimate)
Confidence Interval Equation - ✔✔✔-x +/- t [s/sqrt(n)]
*x is the mean in the study sample; t is the value from the t distribution reflecting the desired
CI; s is the standard deviation in the study sample; n is the sample size
Confidence interval for the difference in means (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confidence interval for the difference in proportions (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
confidence interval for the mean difference (formula) - ✔✔✔-...
Confounders - ✔✔✔-other variables that are related to the risk factor of interest and also to the
outcome that may mask or enhance an association between the risk factor of interest and the
outcome.
