NU 310 CERTIFICATION EXAM QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
▶ second line of defense. Answer: - non-specific
- phagocytosis (neutrophils & macrophages engulf and digest foreign
material)
- inflammation
▶ third line of defense. Answer: - specific
- production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity
- B and T lymphocytes
- after exposure to pathogen
- creates memory for subsequent exposure (length & severity of sickness
diminishes)
▶ normal capillary exchange. Answer: capillaries aren't always open- they
constrict and dilate as needed, depending on the metabolic needs of the
cells, or if cells need waste removed
- arterial end: movement of fluid, electrolytes, o2, and nutrients is based on
net hydrostatic pressure
- venous end: movement of fluid, co2, and other waste depended on
osmotic pressure
▶ causes of inflammation. Answer: - direct physical damage
- caustic chemicals
- ischemia or infarction
- allergic reactions
- extremes of heat or cold
- foreign bodies
- infection
▶ steps of inflammation. Answer: 1. injury to capillaries and tissue cells
2. injured cells release bradykinin
3. bradykinin stimulates pain receptors
4. pain causes release of histamine
5. bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation
, 6. break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
7. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
8. macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytose microbes
▶ chemical mediators. Answer: - affect blood vessels and nerves in the
damaged areas
- hyperemia (increased blood flow)
- histamine, protaglandin, bradykinin
▶ histamine. Answer: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
▶ prostaglandin. Answer: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability,
pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect
▶ bradykinin. Answer: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain,
chemotaxis (attract WBC to site)
▶ local effects of inflammation. Answer: - redness and warmth: increased
blood flow to damaged area
- swelling (edema): shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space
- pain: increased pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators
(bradykinin)
- loss of function: lack of nutrients; edema interferes with movement
▶ serous exudate. Answer: watery, consists primarily of fluid, some
proteins, and white blood cells
▶ fibrinous exudate. Answer: - thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
- help with clotting
- risk of scar tissue
▶ purulent exudate. Answer: - thick, yellow-green, contains more
leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms
- can have odor
- indicates bacterial infection
▶ systemic effects of inflammation. Answer: mild fever (pyrogen release),
malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2026
▶ second line of defense. Answer: - non-specific
- phagocytosis (neutrophils & macrophages engulf and digest foreign
material)
- inflammation
▶ third line of defense. Answer: - specific
- production of specific antibodies or cell-mediated immunity
- B and T lymphocytes
- after exposure to pathogen
- creates memory for subsequent exposure (length & severity of sickness
diminishes)
▶ normal capillary exchange. Answer: capillaries aren't always open- they
constrict and dilate as needed, depending on the metabolic needs of the
cells, or if cells need waste removed
- arterial end: movement of fluid, electrolytes, o2, and nutrients is based on
net hydrostatic pressure
- venous end: movement of fluid, co2, and other waste depended on
osmotic pressure
▶ causes of inflammation. Answer: - direct physical damage
- caustic chemicals
- ischemia or infarction
- allergic reactions
- extremes of heat or cold
- foreign bodies
- infection
▶ steps of inflammation. Answer: 1. injury to capillaries and tissue cells
2. injured cells release bradykinin
3. bradykinin stimulates pain receptors
4. pain causes release of histamine
5. bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation
, 6. break in skin allows bacteria to enter tissue
7. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
8. macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytose microbes
▶ chemical mediators. Answer: - affect blood vessels and nerves in the
damaged areas
- hyperemia (increased blood flow)
- histamine, protaglandin, bradykinin
▶ histamine. Answer: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
▶ prostaglandin. Answer: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability,
pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect
▶ bradykinin. Answer: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain,
chemotaxis (attract WBC to site)
▶ local effects of inflammation. Answer: - redness and warmth: increased
blood flow to damaged area
- swelling (edema): shift of protein and fluid into the interstitial space
- pain: increased pressure of fluid on nerves; release of chemical mediators
(bradykinin)
- loss of function: lack of nutrients; edema interferes with movement
▶ serous exudate. Answer: watery, consists primarily of fluid, some
proteins, and white blood cells
▶ fibrinous exudate. Answer: - thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
- help with clotting
- risk of scar tissue
▶ purulent exudate. Answer: - thick, yellow-green, contains more
leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms
- can have odor
- indicates bacterial infection
▶ systemic effects of inflammation. Answer: mild fever (pyrogen release),
malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia
