SOCIOLOGY 100 FINAL EXAM|| 106
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(SCORED)
Deviance - ANSWER-a behavior violating the norms of standards of a group,
society, or one's peers
social constructionism of deviance - ANSWER-each society or culture creates rules
of behavior by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - ANSWER-developed by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach
to understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by
emphasizing the importance of cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student,
innovation: drug dealer, ritualism: business men, retreatism: hippies, rebellion:
Malcom X (are legitimate means of reaching goals equally available? no, so some
groups will use illegitimate means to reach them)
Conflict Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states when social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance
that states that those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4
bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states that any act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - ANSWER-the structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the
distribution of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social
statuses)
How Americans view stratification - ANSWER-Underestimated inequality, inequality
has increased in the last 30 years
traditional class system - ANSWER-ascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - ANSWER-achieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - ANSWER-huge inequality in income, but even
more in wealth, the rate of growth has changed
Marx - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes:
proletariat and bourgeoisie?
Wright - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes:
capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
, Gilbert and Kahl - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were six
classes: capitalist class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working
poor, and underclass?
horizontal mobility - ANSWER-individuals change roles but experience no change in
social standing
vertical mobility - ANSWER-significant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - ANSWER-children's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - ANSWER-mobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - ANSWER-mobility resulting from a change in the occupations
structure of stratification system, rather than individual achievement
the social construction of race - ANSWER-different individuals have power to
SHAPE how society sees race
social race - ANSWER-a category of people who are perceived to belong to the
same group based on visible characteristics
ethnic group - ANSWER-a category of people defined on the basis of their cultural
characteristics and common heritage
minority group - ANSWER-a subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of
prestige, wealth and power
prejudice - ANSWER-negative attitudes, beliefs, or feelings towards members of
another group simply because they are a member of that group
racism - ANSWER-an ideology/rational used to justify prejudice and discrimination
toward members of another race based on a belief they are inherently inferior
discrimination - ANSWER-the unfavorable treatment of people denying them
opportunities or rights because of their group membership
attitudinal discrimination - ANSWER-discrimination that stems from prejudicial
attitudes, human behaviors with the INTENT to discriminate
institutional discrimination - ANSWER-organizational/institutional practices that
create racial inequality, minority exclusion, etc., or perpetuate racial inequality,
minority exclusion, etc.
chameleons/commuter - ANSWER-100% gay 15% of the time, transition between
gay self and everyday self
centaurs/integrators - ANSWER-15% gay 100% of the time, sexuality as
"complimentary status," not hiding or flaunting
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(SCORED)
Deviance - ANSWER-a behavior violating the norms of standards of a group,
society, or one's peers
social constructionism of deviance - ANSWER-each society or culture creates rules
of behavior by which its members are governed and of necessity controlled
Anomie Strain - ANSWER-developed by ROBERT MERTON, a theoretical approach
to understanding deviance that states that society encourages deviance by
emphasizing the importance of cultural goals, ex. conformity: college student,
innovation: drug dealer, ritualism: business men, retreatism: hippies, rebellion:
Malcom X (are legitimate means of reaching goals equally available? no, so some
groups will use illegitimate means to reach them)
Conflict Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states when social control mechanisms are absent, individuals slide into deviance
Social Bonds Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance
that states that those with stronger bonds are more likely to resist temptation (4
bonds: attachment, commitment, involvement, shared belief)
Labeling Theory - ANSWER-theoretical approach to understanding deviance that
states that any act becomes deviant only when labeled deviant by others
stratification - ANSWER-the structure of social inequality in a society (ex. the
distribution of wealth, status, and power among people occupying different social
statuses)
How Americans view stratification - ANSWER-Underestimated inequality, inequality
has increased in the last 30 years
traditional class system - ANSWER-ascribed social statuses (caste system)
modern class system - ANSWER-achieved social statuses (class system)
Trends in wealth/income inequality - ANSWER-huge inequality in income, but even
more in wealth, the rate of growth has changed
Marx - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were two classes:
proletariat and bourgeoisie?
Wright - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were four classes:
capitalists, petty bourgeoisie, managers, and workers?
, Gilbert and Kahl - ANSWER-Which sociologist(s) believed that there were six
classes: capitalist class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working
poor, and underclass?
horizontal mobility - ANSWER-individuals change roles but experience no change in
social standing
vertical mobility - ANSWER-significant increase of decrease in social standing
intergenerational mobility - ANSWER-children's mobility in relation to their parents
intragenerational mobility - ANSWER-mobility that changes over a lifetime
structural mobility - ANSWER-mobility resulting from a change in the occupations
structure of stratification system, rather than individual achievement
the social construction of race - ANSWER-different individuals have power to
SHAPE how society sees race
social race - ANSWER-a category of people who are perceived to belong to the
same group based on visible characteristics
ethnic group - ANSWER-a category of people defined on the basis of their cultural
characteristics and common heritage
minority group - ANSWER-a subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of
prestige, wealth and power
prejudice - ANSWER-negative attitudes, beliefs, or feelings towards members of
another group simply because they are a member of that group
racism - ANSWER-an ideology/rational used to justify prejudice and discrimination
toward members of another race based on a belief they are inherently inferior
discrimination - ANSWER-the unfavorable treatment of people denying them
opportunities or rights because of their group membership
attitudinal discrimination - ANSWER-discrimination that stems from prejudicial
attitudes, human behaviors with the INTENT to discriminate
institutional discrimination - ANSWER-organizational/institutional practices that
create racial inequality, minority exclusion, etc., or perpetuate racial inequality,
minority exclusion, etc.
chameleons/commuter - ANSWER-100% gay 15% of the time, transition between
gay self and everyday self
centaurs/integrators - ANSWER-15% gay 100% of the time, sexuality as
"complimentary status," not hiding or flaunting
