spread of PSPs
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generated in inexcitable membrane (amplitude decreases through passive
conduction over the length of the dendrite/cell body until it reaches trigger
zone)
*trigger zone just has to be above threshold
2 types exocytosis
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, kiss and run- vesicle connects/disconnects several times before contents
are emptied, low rate of signaling
full - total release of vesicle contents at once, high rate of signaling **must
be counterbalanced by endocytosis to stabilize membrane surface area
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
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osteoblasts - bone forming
osteoclasts - break down bone (fusion of many cells)
osteocytes (previously osteoblasts) - maintain bone
calcitriol binds to VDR (vit D nuclear receptor)
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- calcitriol is lipophilic
- binds to VDR and diffuses into nucleus
- binds to VDRE (vit D response element)
- activated transcription of mRNA that will be translated to Ca2+ channels
ethmoid bone
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separates the nasal cavity from the brain
,GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes
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- increase insulin synthesis and secretion
- increase beta cell growth
- effects on stomach, brain, and heart
after-hyperpolarization
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extra voltage-gated K+ channels (and K leak channels) so greater outward
K+ current, causing MP to be more polarized than normal
*voltage-gated K+ channels open when membrane is depolarized, much
like voltage-gated Na channels
subarachnoid space
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between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
brain floats to protect from mechanical stress
have blood vessels (capillaries to brain tissue)
BBB exists between capillaries and brain tissue
zones of adrenal cortex
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zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids
zona reticularis - sex hormones
how does calcitonin decrease plasma Ca2+
Give this one a try later!
(by decreasing plasma Ca2+, you're retaining more Ca2+ in bone,
protecting skeleton from Ca2+ loss during pregnancy and lactation)
- reduce activity of osteoclasts
- stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium
- inhibit calcium reabsorption in kidney
adaptation
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MP decays over time
- stimulus may be constant, but the original voltage is not sustained
- nocireceptors don't adapt very well (makes pain management difficult!)
where is the BBB broken
Give this one a try later!
Give this one a try later!
generated in inexcitable membrane (amplitude decreases through passive
conduction over the length of the dendrite/cell body until it reaches trigger
zone)
*trigger zone just has to be above threshold
2 types exocytosis
Give this one a try later!
, kiss and run- vesicle connects/disconnects several times before contents
are emptied, low rate of signaling
full - total release of vesicle contents at once, high rate of signaling **must
be counterbalanced by endocytosis to stabilize membrane surface area
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes
Give this one a try later!
osteoblasts - bone forming
osteoclasts - break down bone (fusion of many cells)
osteocytes (previously osteoblasts) - maintain bone
calcitriol binds to VDR (vit D nuclear receptor)
Give this one a try later!
- calcitriol is lipophilic
- binds to VDR and diffuses into nucleus
- binds to VDRE (vit D response element)
- activated transcription of mRNA that will be translated to Ca2+ channels
ethmoid bone
Give this one a try later!
separates the nasal cavity from the brain
,GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes
Give this one a try later!
- increase insulin synthesis and secretion
- increase beta cell growth
- effects on stomach, brain, and heart
after-hyperpolarization
Give this one a try later!
extra voltage-gated K+ channels (and K leak channels) so greater outward
K+ current, causing MP to be more polarized than normal
*voltage-gated K+ channels open when membrane is depolarized, much
like voltage-gated Na channels
subarachnoid space
Give this one a try later!
between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
brain floats to protect from mechanical stress
have blood vessels (capillaries to brain tissue)
BBB exists between capillaries and brain tissue
zones of adrenal cortex
, Give this one a try later!
zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
zona fasiculata - glucocorticoids
zona reticularis - sex hormones
how does calcitonin decrease plasma Ca2+
Give this one a try later!
(by decreasing plasma Ca2+, you're retaining more Ca2+ in bone,
protecting skeleton from Ca2+ loss during pregnancy and lactation)
- reduce activity of osteoclasts
- stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium
- inhibit calcium reabsorption in kidney
adaptation
Give this one a try later!
MP decays over time
- stimulus may be constant, but the original voltage is not sustained
- nocireceptors don't adapt very well (makes pain management difficult!)
where is the BBB broken
Give this one a try later!
