active transport (primary)
Give this one a try later!
moving molecules against its concentration gradient requiring energy
-a type of facilitated diffusion
-the molecule binds to protein carrier that changes conformation to move
substance across the membrane
-requires energy from ATP hydrolysis
-ie ATPase (Na/K pump)
action potential
Give this one a try later!
, an impulse, very short lived changed in membrane potential
-used as a form of a signal or messenger
-you could only produce an action potential in membrane that contains the
voltage gated Na+ channels (allows for membrane to be depolarized).
Therefore, the presence of voltage gated Na+ channel makes the
membrane excitable. They are resent in high density within excitable
membranes
-requires lots of Na voltage gated channels + the membrane to be -55mV+
K leak channels
-at -55mV (high Na permeability- helps with depolarization)
-at +30 mV (low Na permeability)
-at -10 mV (high K permeability)
-all or none principle, you either fire the action potential or not as long as
threshold is reached, does not effect the magnitude of the action potential
(the same magnitude of the action potential is fired every time a threshold
is reached)
Ligands for ionotropic receptors
Give this one a try later!
- GABA- inhibitory, generates an IPSP, reduces anxiety because it
decreases the excitability of neurons which reduces the communication
between neurons having a calming effect on the brain
- Glycine
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine
-these ligands can act on the metabotropic receptors
metabotropic receptors
Give this one a try later!
, -ligand binds to GPCR
-more long-term effects bc multiple steps are required to open the ion
channels
-results in an activation of an enzyme
-the enzyme will either increase or destruct of 2nd messengers
-2nd messengers are either cAMP, cGMP or InP3
-2nd messengers then activate other enzymes ie phosphokinases which
phosphorylate membrane proteins or other proteins in the cytoplasm
-if you phosphorylate membrane proteins such as an ion channel this may
result in the opening of the ion channel allowing for slow EPSP or IPSP
-however, it is not necessary that there is a change in membrane potential,
it might all be internal metabolic effects
ie beta adrenoreceptor
intracellular receptors
Give this one a try later!
1. Lipophilic messenger diffuses through the cell
2. binds to cytosolic receptor
3. translocates into the nucleus (becomes a transcription factor). It binds to
the hormone receptor element on the DNA
receptor potential
Give this one a try later!
-change in membrane potential due to receipt of signal from exterior
sensory cue (ie light info, touch info which will affect the membrane
proteins)
-the energy from the environment will react with membrane proteins and in
general this will cause depolarization (like an EPSP)
-depolarization occurs upon receiving a specific energy
-exception: photoreceptors hyperpolarize
-similar to PSP, the receptor proteins are embedded in sensory cell
, membrane
-the receptor proteins of the sensory cells will change shape when specific
energy is received (ie when touch is experienced, the proteins will change
its shape in response causing the membrane to be depolarized)
G alpha q pathway
Give this one a try later!
Gq (alpha subunit is a Gq)→ PLC (amplifier enzyme in this pathway)
-PLC converts phospholipids (cleaves) into DAG which remains in the
membrane and IP3 which diffuses into the cytoplasm
-↑ DAG → PKC (phosphorylate downstream proteins), and
- ↑ IP3 goes into the ER to release Ca→ ↑ Ca (a number of cell responses
depending on the cell type)
endocrine reflex
Give this one a try later!
-most cells of the body exposed to a hormone
-the response depends on which cells have receptors for the hormone
-chemical signals secreted in the blood for distribution throughout the
body
-distribution of the signal and onset of action are much slower than neural
responses
-responses usually last longer than neural responses
-stimulus intensity is correlated with amount of hormone secreted
control of hormone release
Give this one a try later!
moving molecules against its concentration gradient requiring energy
-a type of facilitated diffusion
-the molecule binds to protein carrier that changes conformation to move
substance across the membrane
-requires energy from ATP hydrolysis
-ie ATPase (Na/K pump)
action potential
Give this one a try later!
, an impulse, very short lived changed in membrane potential
-used as a form of a signal or messenger
-you could only produce an action potential in membrane that contains the
voltage gated Na+ channels (allows for membrane to be depolarized).
Therefore, the presence of voltage gated Na+ channel makes the
membrane excitable. They are resent in high density within excitable
membranes
-requires lots of Na voltage gated channels + the membrane to be -55mV+
K leak channels
-at -55mV (high Na permeability- helps with depolarization)
-at +30 mV (low Na permeability)
-at -10 mV (high K permeability)
-all or none principle, you either fire the action potential or not as long as
threshold is reached, does not effect the magnitude of the action potential
(the same magnitude of the action potential is fired every time a threshold
is reached)
Ligands for ionotropic receptors
Give this one a try later!
- GABA- inhibitory, generates an IPSP, reduces anxiety because it
decreases the excitability of neurons which reduces the communication
between neurons having a calming effect on the brain
- Glycine
- Glutamate
- Acetylcholine
-these ligands can act on the metabotropic receptors
metabotropic receptors
Give this one a try later!
, -ligand binds to GPCR
-more long-term effects bc multiple steps are required to open the ion
channels
-results in an activation of an enzyme
-the enzyme will either increase or destruct of 2nd messengers
-2nd messengers are either cAMP, cGMP or InP3
-2nd messengers then activate other enzymes ie phosphokinases which
phosphorylate membrane proteins or other proteins in the cytoplasm
-if you phosphorylate membrane proteins such as an ion channel this may
result in the opening of the ion channel allowing for slow EPSP or IPSP
-however, it is not necessary that there is a change in membrane potential,
it might all be internal metabolic effects
ie beta adrenoreceptor
intracellular receptors
Give this one a try later!
1. Lipophilic messenger diffuses through the cell
2. binds to cytosolic receptor
3. translocates into the nucleus (becomes a transcription factor). It binds to
the hormone receptor element on the DNA
receptor potential
Give this one a try later!
-change in membrane potential due to receipt of signal from exterior
sensory cue (ie light info, touch info which will affect the membrane
proteins)
-the energy from the environment will react with membrane proteins and in
general this will cause depolarization (like an EPSP)
-depolarization occurs upon receiving a specific energy
-exception: photoreceptors hyperpolarize
-similar to PSP, the receptor proteins are embedded in sensory cell
, membrane
-the receptor proteins of the sensory cells will change shape when specific
energy is received (ie when touch is experienced, the proteins will change
its shape in response causing the membrane to be depolarized)
G alpha q pathway
Give this one a try later!
Gq (alpha subunit is a Gq)→ PLC (amplifier enzyme in this pathway)
-PLC converts phospholipids (cleaves) into DAG which remains in the
membrane and IP3 which diffuses into the cytoplasm
-↑ DAG → PKC (phosphorylate downstream proteins), and
- ↑ IP3 goes into the ER to release Ca→ ↑ Ca (a number of cell responses
depending on the cell type)
endocrine reflex
Give this one a try later!
-most cells of the body exposed to a hormone
-the response depends on which cells have receptors for the hormone
-chemical signals secreted in the blood for distribution throughout the
body
-distribution of the signal and onset of action are much slower than neural
responses
-responses usually last longer than neural responses
-stimulus intensity is correlated with amount of hormone secreted
control of hormone release
