Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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- Released from parathyroid galnds
- Function: increase plasma Ca2+ concentration
- Acts directly on bones and kidneys
- Stimulus: low plasma Ca2+
Angiotensin II
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- A more biologically active hormone than angiotensin I
- Functions:
1) Hypothalamus - thirst
2) Blood vessels - vasocontriction
, 3) Adrenal cortex - secrete aldosterone --> increase water and Na+
retention in proximal tubule
3 main types of hormones
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1. Peptide/protein (3+ AAs)
2. Steroid (derived from cholesterol)
3. Amine (derived from single AAs)
Gaq activation of phospholipase C (PLC)
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1. Signal molecule activates receptor and associated protein
2. G protein activates phospholipase C (PLC)
3. PLC converts membrane phospholipids into
diacyloglycerol (DAG), which remains in the membrane, and
IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm
4. DAG activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates
proteins
5. IP3 causes release of Ca2+from organelles, creating a
Ca2+ signal
6. Ca2+ and phosphorylated protein work together to
create a cellular response
Regulation of aldosterone synthesis
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, Stimulators:
1) ACTH
2) High [K+] in plasma
3) Angiotensin II
Inhibitor:
4) High osmolarity of extracellular fluid
Hypercalcemia
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- High serum/blood Ca2+ levels
- Causes bone pain, kidney sones, constipation and cognitive changes
("bones, stones, groans and psychic overtones")
Central diabetes insipidus
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No absorption of water in collecting duct --> dilute urine. Occurs because
no release of ADH from posterior pituitary.
Catecholamines
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- Tyrosine-derived hormone
- Behave like peptides
- Involved in fight-or-flight response
- 3 types:
, 1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine
Hormone measurement
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- Immunoassay: detects hormones in blood & urine
- Immunohistochemistry: detects hormones in tissue
- Both use antibodies that bind to part of specific type of hormone
Main hormones produces in the zona fasciulata
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Glucocorticoids - corticosterone & cortisol
Steroid hormone synthesis
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- Released from parathyroid galnds
- Function: increase plasma Ca2+ concentration
- Acts directly on bones and kidneys
- Stimulus: low plasma Ca2+
Angiotensin II
Give this one a try later!
- A more biologically active hormone than angiotensin I
- Functions:
1) Hypothalamus - thirst
2) Blood vessels - vasocontriction
, 3) Adrenal cortex - secrete aldosterone --> increase water and Na+
retention in proximal tubule
3 main types of hormones
Give this one a try later!
1. Peptide/protein (3+ AAs)
2. Steroid (derived from cholesterol)
3. Amine (derived from single AAs)
Gaq activation of phospholipase C (PLC)
Give this one a try later!
1. Signal molecule activates receptor and associated protein
2. G protein activates phospholipase C (PLC)
3. PLC converts membrane phospholipids into
diacyloglycerol (DAG), which remains in the membrane, and
IP3, which diffuses into the cytoplasm
4. DAG activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates
proteins
5. IP3 causes release of Ca2+from organelles, creating a
Ca2+ signal
6. Ca2+ and phosphorylated protein work together to
create a cellular response
Regulation of aldosterone synthesis
Give this one a try later!
, Stimulators:
1) ACTH
2) High [K+] in plasma
3) Angiotensin II
Inhibitor:
4) High osmolarity of extracellular fluid
Hypercalcemia
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- High serum/blood Ca2+ levels
- Causes bone pain, kidney sones, constipation and cognitive changes
("bones, stones, groans and psychic overtones")
Central diabetes insipidus
Give this one a try later!
No absorption of water in collecting duct --> dilute urine. Occurs because
no release of ADH from posterior pituitary.
Catecholamines
Give this one a try later!
- Tyrosine-derived hormone
- Behave like peptides
- Involved in fight-or-flight response
- 3 types:
, 1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine
Hormone measurement
Give this one a try later!
- Immunoassay: detects hormones in blood & urine
- Immunohistochemistry: detects hormones in tissue
- Both use antibodies that bind to part of specific type of hormone
Main hormones produces in the zona fasciulata
Give this one a try later!
Glucocorticoids - corticosterone & cortisol
Steroid hormone synthesis
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