VIBS 412- Test Two UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct Answers
C
Terms in this set (153)
cohort study select a group of exposed and a group of non-exposed individuals and follow to
see if they develop disease
1. exposure or characteristics under study usually occur describe a cohort study
naturally
2. uncertainty in whether associations arise because
people are not in randomized groups
1. exposure is a treatment or positive measure describe a randomized trial
2. less uncertainty about nature of the causal relationship
both compare exposed people with unexposed people how is a randomized trial and a cohort study similar?
1. select groups for inclusion on the basis of whether or how do you select a sample populations for a cohort study?
not they were exposed
2. select a defined population before any of its members
become expose or before their exposures are identified
1. prospective what are the two types of cohort studies?
2. retrospective
1. concurrent cohort study what are other names for a prospective cohort study?
2. longitudinal cohort study
prospective cohort study the investigator identifies the original population at the beginning of the study
and in effect, follows the subjects concurrently though calendar time until the
point at which the disease develops or does not develop
1. can take a very long time to complete what are disadvantages to a prospective cohort study?
2. funding can be limited
3. study subjects can out live the scientists
retrospective cohort study exposure is ascertained from past records and the outcome is determined when
the study is begun
1. historic cohort what are other names for a retrospective cohort study?
2. non-concurrent prospective study
Framingham Heart Study what was one of the first, most important, and most widely known cohort studies?
, to identify factors that contribute to heart disease what was the purpose of Framingham heart Study?
30 to 62 what was the age range of the population for the Framingham Heart Study?
1. when on has some idea about which exposures are when is a cohort study warranted?
suspected as a cause of disease
2. when one can minimize attrition
3. when the interval between exposure and development
of disease is short
attrition the amount of people walking away from the study and not waiting until the end
1. selections bias what are the two types of potential biases in cohort studies?
2. information bias
1. case reports how are individual-level observations documented?
2. case series
case report describes a particular clinical phenomenon in a single patient
case series describes more than one patient with similar problems
1. case reports what are the simplest of study designs?
2. case series
1. the lack of a comparison group what is a disadvantage to case reports and series?
2. external validity is limited
3. dependent on physician interpretation
4. association observed is prone to potentially
unmeasured confounding
ecologic fallacy ascribing to members of a group some characteristic that they in fact do not
possess as individuals
in an ecologic study, data is only available for groups and what causes ecologic fallacy to arise?
not individuals
ecologic study an observational, population-level study that analyzes the relationship between
exposures and health outcomes across groups rather than individuals, usually
over time or geography
cross-sectional study both exposure and disease outcome are determined simultaneously for each
study participant
prevlance study what is another name for a cross-sectional study?
1. temporal bias what bias arise from a cross-sectional study?
2. selection bias
C
Terms in this set (153)
cohort study select a group of exposed and a group of non-exposed individuals and follow to
see if they develop disease
1. exposure or characteristics under study usually occur describe a cohort study
naturally
2. uncertainty in whether associations arise because
people are not in randomized groups
1. exposure is a treatment or positive measure describe a randomized trial
2. less uncertainty about nature of the causal relationship
both compare exposed people with unexposed people how is a randomized trial and a cohort study similar?
1. select groups for inclusion on the basis of whether or how do you select a sample populations for a cohort study?
not they were exposed
2. select a defined population before any of its members
become expose or before their exposures are identified
1. prospective what are the two types of cohort studies?
2. retrospective
1. concurrent cohort study what are other names for a prospective cohort study?
2. longitudinal cohort study
prospective cohort study the investigator identifies the original population at the beginning of the study
and in effect, follows the subjects concurrently though calendar time until the
point at which the disease develops or does not develop
1. can take a very long time to complete what are disadvantages to a prospective cohort study?
2. funding can be limited
3. study subjects can out live the scientists
retrospective cohort study exposure is ascertained from past records and the outcome is determined when
the study is begun
1. historic cohort what are other names for a retrospective cohort study?
2. non-concurrent prospective study
Framingham Heart Study what was one of the first, most important, and most widely known cohort studies?
, to identify factors that contribute to heart disease what was the purpose of Framingham heart Study?
30 to 62 what was the age range of the population for the Framingham Heart Study?
1. when on has some idea about which exposures are when is a cohort study warranted?
suspected as a cause of disease
2. when one can minimize attrition
3. when the interval between exposure and development
of disease is short
attrition the amount of people walking away from the study and not waiting until the end
1. selections bias what are the two types of potential biases in cohort studies?
2. information bias
1. case reports how are individual-level observations documented?
2. case series
case report describes a particular clinical phenomenon in a single patient
case series describes more than one patient with similar problems
1. case reports what are the simplest of study designs?
2. case series
1. the lack of a comparison group what is a disadvantage to case reports and series?
2. external validity is limited
3. dependent on physician interpretation
4. association observed is prone to potentially
unmeasured confounding
ecologic fallacy ascribing to members of a group some characteristic that they in fact do not
possess as individuals
in an ecologic study, data is only available for groups and what causes ecologic fallacy to arise?
not individuals
ecologic study an observational, population-level study that analyzes the relationship between
exposures and health outcomes across groups rather than individuals, usually
over time or geography
cross-sectional study both exposure and disease outcome are determined simultaneously for each
study participant
prevlance study what is another name for a cross-sectional study?
1. temporal bias what bias arise from a cross-sectional study?
2. selection bias
