PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
endemic vs epidemic vs pandemic - (answer)expected patterns @ low level
unexpected patterns @ level above normal
epidemic in multiple countries
what are the 2 methods of direct transmission? - (answer)vertical = mother to child before or at birth
horizontal = between people
what are the 5 modes of indirect transmission? - (answer)vector-borne =
zoonotic =
feco-oral =
droplet
aerosol
what are the three steps in the human intervention of prevention of disease? - (answer)1) avoidance
2) acquisition of immunity
3) prophylaxis
give 2 examples of how one can practice acquisition of immunity - (answer)1) active immunity -->
vaccination
2) passive immunity
give 3 examples of how one can practice prophylaxis - (answer)1) therapeutic compounds (eg. anti-
malaria)
2) passive immunity
3) genetic manipulation
what are the 3 levels of human intervention in disease? (think epi) - (answer)1) prevention
2) control
,PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
3) treatment
tropism in viruses - (answer)viruses infect specific cell types depending on the receptors present on the
cell's surface
what are the 5 ways hosts respond to viruses? - (answer)1) avoid infection (lack receptors, don't contact
virus sources)
2) inflammation
3) Ig production
4) cellular immunity
5) interferon release (type 1 = alpha, beta)
what do interferons do? - (answer)released by infected cells
prevents viral replication in neighbouring cells
what are 2 examples of treatments/preventions of viral infections? - (answer)1) vaccination
2) antiviral drugs
acylovir - (answer)inhibits DNA synthesis
use for herpesvirus
azidothymidine (AZT) - (answer)inhibits reverse transcriptase
use for HIV
tamiflu - (answer)inhibits neuraminidase
use for influenza
ribavirin - (answer)can use in wide range of viral infections
,PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
what are the 2 main groups of bacteria and what differentiates them? - (answer)gram positive - lots of
LPS, 1 membrane
gram negative - no LPS, 2 membranes
what are the 2 types of toxins produced by bacteria? what are they produced by? - (answer)endotoxin -
produced by gram negative,
exotoxin - all bacteria
bacteraemia - (answer)bacteria in the blood
septicaemia - (answer)bacteria, products and inflammatory mediators in the blood
toxaemia - (answer)toxins in the blood
define shock - (answer)widespread hypoperfusion
what are the 3 main causes of shock? - (answer)1) cardiogenic
2) hypovolemic
3) blood maldistribution
what are the 3 categories of blood maldistribution shock? - (answer)neurogenic shock
septic shock
anaphylactic shock
what are the 4 host responses to bacteria? what do they do/form? - (answer)neutrophils - pus
formation, granulomatous inflammation
macrophages - phagocytosis (PAMPs)
, PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
complement system - aid in phagocytosis & MAC formation
antibody formation - many options
how are bacterial infections treated? - (answer)vaccinations (prevention)
antitoxin meds
antibiotics
what are the 2 methods of action of antibiotics? - (answer)bacteriostatic
bactericidal
what are chemotherapeutic agents? - (answer)synthetic antimicrobials
metaplasia - (answer)"change of growth"
changes cell types
dysplasia - (answer)"bad growth"
abnormal development of growth
neoplasia - (answer)"new growth"
abnormal growth regulatory mechanisms
cancer - (answer)malignant epithelial neoplasm (carcinoma)
tumor - (answer)benign neoplasm
oncology - (answer)study of tumors
endemic vs epidemic vs pandemic - (answer)expected patterns @ low level
unexpected patterns @ level above normal
epidemic in multiple countries
what are the 2 methods of direct transmission? - (answer)vertical = mother to child before or at birth
horizontal = between people
what are the 5 modes of indirect transmission? - (answer)vector-borne =
zoonotic =
feco-oral =
droplet
aerosol
what are the three steps in the human intervention of prevention of disease? - (answer)1) avoidance
2) acquisition of immunity
3) prophylaxis
give 2 examples of how one can practice acquisition of immunity - (answer)1) active immunity -->
vaccination
2) passive immunity
give 3 examples of how one can practice prophylaxis - (answer)1) therapeutic compounds (eg. anti-
malaria)
2) passive immunity
3) genetic manipulation
what are the 3 levels of human intervention in disease? (think epi) - (answer)1) prevention
2) control
,PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
3) treatment
tropism in viruses - (answer)viruses infect specific cell types depending on the receptors present on the
cell's surface
what are the 5 ways hosts respond to viruses? - (answer)1) avoid infection (lack receptors, don't contact
virus sources)
2) inflammation
3) Ig production
4) cellular immunity
5) interferon release (type 1 = alpha, beta)
what do interferons do? - (answer)released by infected cells
prevents viral replication in neighbouring cells
what are 2 examples of treatments/preventions of viral infections? - (answer)1) vaccination
2) antiviral drugs
acylovir - (answer)inhibits DNA synthesis
use for herpesvirus
azidothymidine (AZT) - (answer)inhibits reverse transcriptase
use for HIV
tamiflu - (answer)inhibits neuraminidase
use for influenza
ribavirin - (answer)can use in wide range of viral infections
,PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
what are the 2 main groups of bacteria and what differentiates them? - (answer)gram positive - lots of
LPS, 1 membrane
gram negative - no LPS, 2 membranes
what are the 2 types of toxins produced by bacteria? what are they produced by? - (answer)endotoxin -
produced by gram negative,
exotoxin - all bacteria
bacteraemia - (answer)bacteria in the blood
septicaemia - (answer)bacteria, products and inflammatory mediators in the blood
toxaemia - (answer)toxins in the blood
define shock - (answer)widespread hypoperfusion
what are the 3 main causes of shock? - (answer)1) cardiogenic
2) hypovolemic
3) blood maldistribution
what are the 3 categories of blood maldistribution shock? - (answer)neurogenic shock
septic shock
anaphylactic shock
what are the 4 host responses to bacteria? what do they do/form? - (answer)neutrophils - pus
formation, granulomatous inflammation
macrophages - phagocytosis (PAMPs)
, PATH 3610 FINAL | 328 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION.
complement system - aid in phagocytosis & MAC formation
antibody formation - many options
how are bacterial infections treated? - (answer)vaccinations (prevention)
antitoxin meds
antibiotics
what are the 2 methods of action of antibiotics? - (answer)bacteriostatic
bactericidal
what are chemotherapeutic agents? - (answer)synthetic antimicrobials
metaplasia - (answer)"change of growth"
changes cell types
dysplasia - (answer)"bad growth"
abnormal development of growth
neoplasia - (answer)"new growth"
abnormal growth regulatory mechanisms
cancer - (answer)malignant epithelial neoplasm (carcinoma)
tumor - (answer)benign neoplasm
oncology - (answer)study of tumors
