ALTERATIONS IN PULMONARY FUNCTION
Boyle's Law - ANS -Pressure and volume are inversely related. Decrease in volume - Increase in
presure and Increase in volume- Decrease in pressure
Dalton's Law - ANS -In gas mixture, the pressure of ea. gas is directly proportinal to the
precentage of that gas in the total mixture.
In a mixture of gas each individual gas contributes a partial pressure to the total pressure.
What is the percentage of O2 in the atmosphere? - ANS -21%
Pathway of air through the respiratory system? - ANS -Nasal and Oral cavities. 2. Pharynx 3.
Trachea 4. Bronchi 1,2,3 5. Bronchioles 6. Teminal Bronchioles 7. Alveoli
Where do the lungs sit in the chest cavity? - ANS -The apex sits slightly above the clavicles
(collar bones) and the base of the lungs rest on the diaphragm
How many lobs are in the right side of the lungs? - ANS -3 lobes - Superior, Middle and Inferior
(going from top to bottom)
How many lobes in the left lung? - ANS -2 lobes (Superior and Inferior)
Origins of gas exchange in the lungs? - ANS -Alveoli
The wall of the aveoli are made up of what kind of epithelium? - ANS -Simple quamous type I
cells
,Cough - ANS -a productive reflex that clears the airway
A protective reflex that cleans airways with an explosive expiration to remove foreign particles
Dyspnea - ANS -Shortness of breath
Labored breathing
Caused by increased airway resistance
Signs: flared nostrils and use of accessory muscles.
Surfactant (phospholipid) - ANS -prevents collapse of the lungs
Contraction of the diaphram and external intercostals increases the size of the thorax - ANS -
Inspiration
pO2 moves from - ANS -High to low pressure
Volume of air inspired or exspired during normal quiet breathing - ANS -Tidal Valume (Vt)
Inspiratory Reserve - ANS -IRV the volume inspired during a very deep inhalation
Range is 3100 ml
Abreviation for Expiratory Reserve - ANS -ERV
Expiratory Reserve amount 1200 ml
Shortness of breath when patient lies down? - ANS -Orthopnea
, Cyanosis - ANS -Blueish discoloration of mucous membrains and skin due to increased amounts
of desaturated hemoglobin 02 <85
Hypoventalation - ANS -CO2 removal doesn't keep up with CO2 production
What can be the results of hypoventilation? - ANS -Hypercapnea and respiratory acidosis
Hypercapnia - ANS -excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
Caused by:
-Depression of the respiratory center by drugs
-Diseases of the medulla (where respiratory centers in the brain stem are located. Can be
infected or trauma)
-Problem with phrenic nerve innervation (disease - polio, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal
cord injury)
-Diseases of the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis, MS)
-Thoracic cage trauma or congenital deformity
-Large airway obstruction (tumors, apnea)
-Physiological dead space (emphysema)
Hyperventilation - ANS -Excessive aveolar ventilation causing removal of CO2 faster than it is
produced
Hyperventilation leads to - ANS -hypocapnia and respiratory alkadosis
Hemoptysis - ANS -coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
Boyle's Law - ANS -Pressure and volume are inversely related. Decrease in volume - Increase in
presure and Increase in volume- Decrease in pressure
Dalton's Law - ANS -In gas mixture, the pressure of ea. gas is directly proportinal to the
precentage of that gas in the total mixture.
In a mixture of gas each individual gas contributes a partial pressure to the total pressure.
What is the percentage of O2 in the atmosphere? - ANS -21%
Pathway of air through the respiratory system? - ANS -Nasal and Oral cavities. 2. Pharynx 3.
Trachea 4. Bronchi 1,2,3 5. Bronchioles 6. Teminal Bronchioles 7. Alveoli
Where do the lungs sit in the chest cavity? - ANS -The apex sits slightly above the clavicles
(collar bones) and the base of the lungs rest on the diaphragm
How many lobs are in the right side of the lungs? - ANS -3 lobes - Superior, Middle and Inferior
(going from top to bottom)
How many lobes in the left lung? - ANS -2 lobes (Superior and Inferior)
Origins of gas exchange in the lungs? - ANS -Alveoli
The wall of the aveoli are made up of what kind of epithelium? - ANS -Simple quamous type I
cells
,Cough - ANS -a productive reflex that clears the airway
A protective reflex that cleans airways with an explosive expiration to remove foreign particles
Dyspnea - ANS -Shortness of breath
Labored breathing
Caused by increased airway resistance
Signs: flared nostrils and use of accessory muscles.
Surfactant (phospholipid) - ANS -prevents collapse of the lungs
Contraction of the diaphram and external intercostals increases the size of the thorax - ANS -
Inspiration
pO2 moves from - ANS -High to low pressure
Volume of air inspired or exspired during normal quiet breathing - ANS -Tidal Valume (Vt)
Inspiratory Reserve - ANS -IRV the volume inspired during a very deep inhalation
Range is 3100 ml
Abreviation for Expiratory Reserve - ANS -ERV
Expiratory Reserve amount 1200 ml
Shortness of breath when patient lies down? - ANS -Orthopnea
, Cyanosis - ANS -Blueish discoloration of mucous membrains and skin due to increased amounts
of desaturated hemoglobin 02 <85
Hypoventalation - ANS -CO2 removal doesn't keep up with CO2 production
What can be the results of hypoventilation? - ANS -Hypercapnea and respiratory acidosis
Hypercapnia - ANS -excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
Caused by:
-Depression of the respiratory center by drugs
-Diseases of the medulla (where respiratory centers in the brain stem are located. Can be
infected or trauma)
-Problem with phrenic nerve innervation (disease - polio, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal
cord injury)
-Diseases of the neuromuscular junction (myasthenia gravis, MS)
-Thoracic cage trauma or congenital deformity
-Large airway obstruction (tumors, apnea)
-Physiological dead space (emphysema)
Hyperventilation - ANS -Excessive aveolar ventilation causing removal of CO2 faster than it is
produced
Hyperventilation leads to - ANS -hypocapnia and respiratory alkadosis
Hemoptysis - ANS -coughing up blood from the respiratory tract
