ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTION
Dyspnea - ANS -Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
Severe dyspnea
Flaring of the nostrils
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion
Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea
Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit up or stand up
Cough - ANS -Protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration
Acute cough
Resolves within 2 to 3 weeks
Chronic cough
Lasts longer than 3 weeks
Abnormal sputum - ANS -Changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor provide information
about the progression of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.
Hemoptysis - ANS -Coughing up blood or bloody secretions
,Eupnea - ANS -Normal breathing pattern
Abnormal breathing patterns - ANS -Adjustments made by the body to minimize the work of the
respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANS -Slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal
volume, and no expiratory pause
Restricted breathing - ANS -Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and decrease
compliance
Cheyne-Stokes respirations - ANS -Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea
lasting 15 to 60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in volume until a peak is
reached, after which ventilation decreases again to apnea
Hypoventilation - ANS -Alveolar ventilation is inadequate in relationship to the metabolic
demands.
Leads to respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia.
Is caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of
breathing.
Hyperventilation - ANS -Alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands.
Leads to respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia.
Is caused by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia.
Cyanosis - ANS -Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Develops when have five grams of desaturated hemoglobin, regardless of concentration
, Peripheral cyanosis
Most often caused by poor circulation
Best observed in the nail beds
Central cyanosis
Caused by decreased arterial oxygenation (low partial pressure of oxygen [Pao2])
Best observed in buccal mucous membranes and lips
Clubbing - ANS -3 stages - early middle and severe
Pain - ANS -A sign or symptom of Pulmonary disease
Pleural pain - ANS -Is the most common pain caused by pulmonary diseases.
Is usually sharp or stabbing in character.
Infection and inflammation of the parietal pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) can cause pain when the
pleura stretch during inspiration and are accompanied by a pleural friction rub.
Chest wall pain - ANS -May be from the airways.
May be from muscle or rib pain.
Hypercapnia - ANS -Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood
Occurs from decreased drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to respond to ventilatory
stimulation
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Hypoxemia - ANS -Hypoxemia versus hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities: Most common cause
Shunting
Dyspnea - ANS -Subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
Severe dyspnea
Flaring of the nostrils
Use of accessory muscles of respiration
Retraction of the intercostal spaces
Dyspnea on exertion
Shortness of breath with activity
Orthopnea
Dyspnea when lying down
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Awaking at night and gasping for air; must sit up or stand up
Cough - ANS -Protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration
Acute cough
Resolves within 2 to 3 weeks
Chronic cough
Lasts longer than 3 weeks
Abnormal sputum - ANS -Changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor provide information
about the progression of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.
Hemoptysis - ANS -Coughing up blood or bloody secretions
,Eupnea - ANS -Normal breathing pattern
Abnormal breathing patterns - ANS -Adjustments made by the body to minimize the work of the
respiratory muscles
Kussmaul respirations (hyperpnea) - ANS -Slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal
volume, and no expiratory pause
Restricted breathing - ANS -Disorders that stiffen the lungs or chest wall and decrease
compliance
Cheyne-Stokes respirations - ANS -Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing; apnea
lasting 15 to 60 seconds, followed by ventilations that increase in volume until a peak is
reached, after which ventilation decreases again to apnea
Hypoventilation - ANS -Alveolar ventilation is inadequate in relationship to the metabolic
demands.
Leads to respiratory acidosis from hypercapnia.
Is caused by airway obstruction, chest wall restriction, or altered neurologic control of
breathing.
Hyperventilation - ANS -Alveolar ventilation exceeds the metabolic demands.
Leads to respiratory alkalosis from hypocapnia.
Is caused by anxiety, head injury, or severe hypoxemia.
Cyanosis - ANS -Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
Develops when have five grams of desaturated hemoglobin, regardless of concentration
, Peripheral cyanosis
Most often caused by poor circulation
Best observed in the nail beds
Central cyanosis
Caused by decreased arterial oxygenation (low partial pressure of oxygen [Pao2])
Best observed in buccal mucous membranes and lips
Clubbing - ANS -3 stages - early middle and severe
Pain - ANS -A sign or symptom of Pulmonary disease
Pleural pain - ANS -Is the most common pain caused by pulmonary diseases.
Is usually sharp or stabbing in character.
Infection and inflammation of the parietal pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) can cause pain when the
pleura stretch during inspiration and are accompanied by a pleural friction rub.
Chest wall pain - ANS -May be from the airways.
May be from muscle or rib pain.
Hypercapnia - ANS -Increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the arterial blood
Occurs from decreased drive to breathe or an inadequate ability to respond to ventilatory
stimulation
A Condition caused by PUlmonary Disease or Injury
Hypoxemia - ANS -Hypoxemia versus hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities: Most common cause
Shunting
