Bacterial vaccine types: inactivated (killed) bacteria, toxoids (inactivated toxins), or polysaccharide (sugar-based)
conjugates.
Fattener pigs: Fatteners are pigs that are being raised for meat. They are typically fed a diet that is high in energy and
protein in order to help them grow quickly.
Piglets refer to newborn pigs that are typically suckling on the sow for the first 2-3 weeks of life.
Growing pigs: 2-5 months; Grower Stage: Roughly 8–16 weeks of age.
Weaning pig: 3-5 weeks of age.
Finisher Stage pigs: Roughly 16–22+ weeks of age; Finishing pigs: after 5 month old.
SMEDI: Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic death, Infertility.
Pig SMEDI: Porcine Parvovirus Infection, Aujezky’s, .
Sow: female pig that had at least one liter; Gilt: young sow.
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: BVD/MD, .
Enveloped vs non-enveloped viruses:
The easiest way to think of why this may be is to ask what is an envelope made of? Just like cellular
membranes, virus envelopes consist of a lipid bilayer, with both host and viral proteins incorporated into it. These are very
susceptible to mechanical damage, permeabilization by detergents, drying out, you name it. Because the proteins used by
these viruses to enter cells are located on this lipid bilayer, its loss (by detergent or any other antimicrobial agent)
effectively renders the virus inert.
Nonenveloped viruses, on the other hand, contain a proteinaceous capsid which encloses their genetic material.
This is usually pretty tough and is better suited to withstand conditions outside of the body. Because these aren't made up
of lipids, they also more readily withstand detergents. In many cases, these viruses cannot fuse with host cell membranes,
as enveloped viruses do, but rather have ways to disrupt the membrane and release their genetic material inside.
Adenoviruses, for instance, bind to cells and are taken up by endocytosis. As the endosome matures, the inside
experiences a drop in pH, causing a conformational change in the capsid structure that causes the endosomal membrane
,to break, and releases the viral particle into the cytoplasm. It is then trafficked via microtubules to the nucleus, and injects
its DNA through the nuclear pore complex, allowing replication to take place.
Basically, enveloped viruses are more susceptible to numerous kinds of damage, while nonenveloped viruses
are better suited to withstand this.
Succulent rabbits: 3-12 days old rabbits.
Facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is
capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Chicken:
· Chicks: hatching to 6-8th week of age.
· Growing (growers): ~6 to 18–20 weeks
· Adults (layers/breeders): ≥18–20 weeks (start of sexual maturity)
Endotoxins(LPS) come from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria's cell wall. Exotoxins(proteins) are secreted
by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Endotoxins are lipid-based components of gram-negative bacterial cell walls released upon cell death, causing general
symptoms like fever. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by living bacteria (gram-positive or negative), which are highly
potent, heat-labile, and cause specific diseases like tetanus. Endotoxins are heat-stable, while exotoxins can be
manufactured into vaccines.
Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant than gram-positive bacteria because they have an extra outer
membrane that acts as a barrier against antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick, outer layer of peptidoglycan that
is more easily penetrated by some antibiotics, making them easier to kill.
Anaerobes are resistant to Aminoglycosides.
Metaphylaxis is a traditional method used in cattle to help decrease the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
Historically, it has meant administering an antibiotic on arrival to groups of calves at high risk of developing BRD.
>> Metaphylaxis is the targeted, group-level administration of antimicrobials to high-risk livestock (typically cattle) upon arrival at a feedlot to
control subclinical infectious diseases, most commonly Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).
Bacteriostatic antibacterials: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Sulfonamides
Bactericidal antibacterials: beta-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides
Abortion: foetal death in late gestation after organogenesis but before its viable.
Stillbirth: foetal death shortly before birth or within 1-2 days.
Gram-positive bacteria stain purple/dark blue and Gram-negative pink/red.
The cecal tonsil, a secondary lymphoid tissue located at the cecum–rectum junction, is a component of the avian gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).Chick: from hatching to 6-8th week of age.
Tiamulin is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic used exclusively in veterinary medicine(pigs, poultry, and rabbits) to
treat respiratory and gastrointestinal infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Mycoplasma spp., and anaerobic
bacteria. It is highly effective against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae(swine dysentery).
, All-in all-out (AIAO) is a livestock management system where a group of animals (same age/stage) enters a facility, stays
together, and leaves simultaneously, allowing the building to be emptied, cleaned, and disinfected before the next group
arrives. It is a crucial biosecurity strategy, primarily for swine and poultry.
- Key Principles of All-In All-Out (AIAO):
> Batch Management: Animals are matched by age, weight, and production stage.
> Zero Mixing: Animals from different groups or ages do not meet, reducing the spread of disease from older to younger
animals.
> Total Emptying: When a group leaves, the entire room, pen, or site is emptied, allowing for comprehensive sanitation.
> Biosecurity: By breaking the cycle of infection, it significantly improves animal health and reduces the need for
medication
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream without necessarily causing symptoms. Septicemia is more
dangerous, with bacteria actively multiplying, producing toxins, overwhelming the bloodstream, and spreading infection
throughout the body.
Manage hyperkalemia (high serum potassium) by administering DICK[Dextrose, insulin, calcium and kayexalate]:
protecting the heart, temporarily shifting potassium into cells, and eventually removing it from the body. Calcium stabilizes
the cardiac membrane, Insulin shifts potassium into cells, Dextrose prevents hypoglycemia from insulin,
and Kayexalate removes potassium.
MALDI-TOF(Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) is not a serology test. It is a rapid proteomic
technique used primarily in clinical microbiology to identify bacteria, fungi, and yeasts by analyzing their protein
fingerprints, typically ribosomal proteins.
> Technology Type: MALDI-TOF is a mass spectrometry technique. It identifies microbes by creating a spectrum of their
proteins and comparing it to a database.
> What it Detects: MALDI-TOF detects proteins directly from cultured microbial colonies.
> What Serology Detects: Serology detects antibodies or antigens in serum (blood) to diagnose infections (e.g., detecting
antibodies to COVID-19 or HIV).
> Sample Requirement: MALDI-TOF requires a sample of the actual organism (bacteria/yeast) grown on a plate. Serology
uses blood serum samples.
> Primary Use: It is considered a gold-standard, rapid method for identifying microorganisms in minutes
1. Cattle - Black leg dis.: acute, highly fatal toxemia - Cl.chauvoei Gr(+), sp.form., anaer. - severe infl.
and necr. of sk.m..
- ep.: found in soil(telluric dis.) and GIt of healthy animals > transmitted via grazing.
- pa.: ing. > intestines > absorption > big m.groups of sk.m. > dormancy - injury > anaerobic conditions
> germination of spores > proliferation > toxin prod. > infl., oedema, haemorrhage, necr..
- cs: perac. - death; ac. - high fever(causes rapid post-mor.autolysis of the carcass), lameness, deep
oedema and crepitus, death within 1-2d.
- di.: history, cs, pf; muscle tissue sample containing dormant sp. > culture, Fluorescent Ab test, PCR.
- pf: dark-red, wet-exudative(later dry) necrotic m.w.rancid butter odour; haemorrh.myoc..
conjugates.
Fattener pigs: Fatteners are pigs that are being raised for meat. They are typically fed a diet that is high in energy and
protein in order to help them grow quickly.
Piglets refer to newborn pigs that are typically suckling on the sow for the first 2-3 weeks of life.
Growing pigs: 2-5 months; Grower Stage: Roughly 8–16 weeks of age.
Weaning pig: 3-5 weeks of age.
Finisher Stage pigs: Roughly 16–22+ weeks of age; Finishing pigs: after 5 month old.
SMEDI: Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic death, Infertility.
Pig SMEDI: Porcine Parvovirus Infection, Aujezky’s, .
Sow: female pig that had at least one liter; Gilt: young sow.
Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: BVD/MD, .
Enveloped vs non-enveloped viruses:
The easiest way to think of why this may be is to ask what is an envelope made of? Just like cellular
membranes, virus envelopes consist of a lipid bilayer, with both host and viral proteins incorporated into it. These are very
susceptible to mechanical damage, permeabilization by detergents, drying out, you name it. Because the proteins used by
these viruses to enter cells are located on this lipid bilayer, its loss (by detergent or any other antimicrobial agent)
effectively renders the virus inert.
Nonenveloped viruses, on the other hand, contain a proteinaceous capsid which encloses their genetic material.
This is usually pretty tough and is better suited to withstand conditions outside of the body. Because these aren't made up
of lipids, they also more readily withstand detergents. In many cases, these viruses cannot fuse with host cell membranes,
as enveloped viruses do, but rather have ways to disrupt the membrane and release their genetic material inside.
Adenoviruses, for instance, bind to cells and are taken up by endocytosis. As the endosome matures, the inside
experiences a drop in pH, causing a conformational change in the capsid structure that causes the endosomal membrane
,to break, and releases the viral particle into the cytoplasm. It is then trafficked via microtubules to the nucleus, and injects
its DNA through the nuclear pore complex, allowing replication to take place.
Basically, enveloped viruses are more susceptible to numerous kinds of damage, while nonenveloped viruses
are better suited to withstand this.
Succulent rabbits: 3-12 days old rabbits.
Facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is
capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
Chicken:
· Chicks: hatching to 6-8th week of age.
· Growing (growers): ~6 to 18–20 weeks
· Adults (layers/breeders): ≥18–20 weeks (start of sexual maturity)
Endotoxins(LPS) come from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria's cell wall. Exotoxins(proteins) are secreted
by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Endotoxins are lipid-based components of gram-negative bacterial cell walls released upon cell death, causing general
symptoms like fever. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by living bacteria (gram-positive or negative), which are highly
potent, heat-labile, and cause specific diseases like tetanus. Endotoxins are heat-stable, while exotoxins can be
manufactured into vaccines.
Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant than gram-positive bacteria because they have an extra outer
membrane that acts as a barrier against antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick, outer layer of peptidoglycan that
is more easily penetrated by some antibiotics, making them easier to kill.
Anaerobes are resistant to Aminoglycosides.
Metaphylaxis is a traditional method used in cattle to help decrease the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
Historically, it has meant administering an antibiotic on arrival to groups of calves at high risk of developing BRD.
>> Metaphylaxis is the targeted, group-level administration of antimicrobials to high-risk livestock (typically cattle) upon arrival at a feedlot to
control subclinical infectious diseases, most commonly Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD).
Bacteriostatic antibacterials: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Sulfonamides
Bactericidal antibacterials: beta-lactams, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides
Abortion: foetal death in late gestation after organogenesis but before its viable.
Stillbirth: foetal death shortly before birth or within 1-2 days.
Gram-positive bacteria stain purple/dark blue and Gram-negative pink/red.
The cecal tonsil, a secondary lymphoid tissue located at the cecum–rectum junction, is a component of the avian gut-
associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).Chick: from hatching to 6-8th week of age.
Tiamulin is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic used exclusively in veterinary medicine(pigs, poultry, and rabbits) to
treat respiratory and gastrointestinal infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, Mycoplasma spp., and anaerobic
bacteria. It is highly effective against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae(swine dysentery).
, All-in all-out (AIAO) is a livestock management system where a group of animals (same age/stage) enters a facility, stays
together, and leaves simultaneously, allowing the building to be emptied, cleaned, and disinfected before the next group
arrives. It is a crucial biosecurity strategy, primarily for swine and poultry.
- Key Principles of All-In All-Out (AIAO):
> Batch Management: Animals are matched by age, weight, and production stage.
> Zero Mixing: Animals from different groups or ages do not meet, reducing the spread of disease from older to younger
animals.
> Total Emptying: When a group leaves, the entire room, pen, or site is emptied, allowing for comprehensive sanitation.
> Biosecurity: By breaking the cycle of infection, it significantly improves animal health and reduces the need for
medication
Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream without necessarily causing symptoms. Septicemia is more
dangerous, with bacteria actively multiplying, producing toxins, overwhelming the bloodstream, and spreading infection
throughout the body.
Manage hyperkalemia (high serum potassium) by administering DICK[Dextrose, insulin, calcium and kayexalate]:
protecting the heart, temporarily shifting potassium into cells, and eventually removing it from the body. Calcium stabilizes
the cardiac membrane, Insulin shifts potassium into cells, Dextrose prevents hypoglycemia from insulin,
and Kayexalate removes potassium.
MALDI-TOF(Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight) is not a serology test. It is a rapid proteomic
technique used primarily in clinical microbiology to identify bacteria, fungi, and yeasts by analyzing their protein
fingerprints, typically ribosomal proteins.
> Technology Type: MALDI-TOF is a mass spectrometry technique. It identifies microbes by creating a spectrum of their
proteins and comparing it to a database.
> What it Detects: MALDI-TOF detects proteins directly from cultured microbial colonies.
> What Serology Detects: Serology detects antibodies or antigens in serum (blood) to diagnose infections (e.g., detecting
antibodies to COVID-19 or HIV).
> Sample Requirement: MALDI-TOF requires a sample of the actual organism (bacteria/yeast) grown on a plate. Serology
uses blood serum samples.
> Primary Use: It is considered a gold-standard, rapid method for identifying microorganisms in minutes
1. Cattle - Black leg dis.: acute, highly fatal toxemia - Cl.chauvoei Gr(+), sp.form., anaer. - severe infl.
and necr. of sk.m..
- ep.: found in soil(telluric dis.) and GIt of healthy animals > transmitted via grazing.
- pa.: ing. > intestines > absorption > big m.groups of sk.m. > dormancy - injury > anaerobic conditions
> germination of spores > proliferation > toxin prod. > infl., oedema, haemorrhage, necr..
- cs: perac. - death; ac. - high fever(causes rapid post-mor.autolysis of the carcass), lameness, deep
oedema and crepitus, death within 1-2d.
- di.: history, cs, pf; muscle tissue sample containing dormant sp. > culture, Fluorescent Ab test, PCR.
- pf: dark-red, wet-exudative(later dry) necrotic m.w.rancid butter odour; haemorrh.myoc..
