WGU D307 Objective Assessment Prep V2 (2026–2027 Updated) | Educational Psychology & Human Development | Verified Q&A | Grade A

WGU D307 Objective Assessment Prep V2 (2026–2027 Updated) | Educational Psychology & Human Development | Verified Q&A | Grade A Q. Which model's purpose is to ensure resources are allocated to provide students the support necessary to be successful? ANSWER MTSS (Multi-Tiered System of Supports) Q. Which educational approach facilitates learning of all students in the same environment? ANSWER Inclusive environment Q. Which participants are required to attend all IEP meetings? ANSWER - special educator - parent/guardian - district representatives Q. What is one concern inherent in the use of non-discriminatory assessments? ANSWER Predictive validity Q. What is the definition of mode? ANSWER The number that occurs most often in a series of numbers Q. Which type of assessment conducted on a student is individualized and progress based? ANSWER Informal Q. When must consent be obtained from parents/guardians during the special ed process? ANSWER - before formal evaluations are conducted - before the student receives sped services for the first time Q. Which two factors can negatively affect the integrity of an intervention? ANSWER - lack of student engagement in instruction - inadequate measurement system Q. What is the first step when recommending a student for special ed services? ANSWER Recognizing a concern Q. What does the IEP component titled "extent of nonparticipation" explain? ANSWER The degree to which a student will NOT participate with non-disabled peers in the regular classroom and extracurriculars Q. Infancy birth 2-years ANSWER gross motor skills- hold head up, walking, crawling Q. Early childhood- 2 to 6 years ANSWER fine motor skills- love to run, hop, swing By age 4- print name, eat with untils By age 6- print letters, use pencils and crayons Q. Middle childhood- 6 to 10 years ANSWER * Slow, steady weight gain * Speed and coordination improve * Begin organized sports * Refinement of fine motor skills * Improved handwriting * Drawings more representational Q. Adolescence 10-18 years ANSWER Weight and height increases Puberty begins Girls begin puberty before boys Girls start first and end first Q. Schemes (Piaget) ANSWER How we organize information Q. Equilibrium/Equilibration ANSWER Schemes are organized Q. Disequilibrium ANSWER New info has come in and you do not know what to do with it (how you feel right now study) Q. Assimilation ANSWER Information is the same or similar to previous schemas interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Q. Accommodation ANSWER Information is new or different schemes must be created or changed Ex. Santa not being real Q. Senisorimotor stage-piaget ANSWER Birth 2 years- 5 senses and gross motor skills Q. Preoperational Stage (Piaget) ANSWER 2-7 years Preschool, illogical, Egocentric, I I I Q. Concrete operational stage ANSWER 7-11 years, factual and concrete Q. Formal operational stage ANSWER 12+ years, highschool and middle school, abstract thinking and forming hypothesis Q. MKO (more knowledgeable other) ANSWER Vygotsky's term for someone who helps a child learn a new concept by working with that child in his/her zone of proximal development.- we learn best with a mko Q. Zone of proximal development ANSWER the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone- just right place to teach Q. Scaffolding ANSWER the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth- asking leading questions, provides hints and clues Q. Vygotsky 3 types of speech ANSWER Social, private, silent inner speech Q. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory stages ANSWER Trust vs. mistrust 0-12 months (being able to rely on parents to care for them) Q. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ANSWER (1-3 years) Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities- independent Q. Initative vs guilt ANSWER 3 to 6 years: To develop the ability to try new things and to handle failure Q. Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) ANSWER 6-12 yrs, good: competence, exercise his/her abilities and intelligence in the world, be able to affect world in the way that the child desires bad: inadequacy, low self esteem Q. Identify vs. Role Confusion ANSWER 12-18 years what am I gonna do with my life. Figuring out themselves. Q. intamacy vs isolation ANSWER 20-40 relationships, love Q. Bandura's theory of observational learning ANSWER Someone models, we observe and then we do it Q. Modeling and emulation ANSWER Monkey see monkey do Q. 3 types of models ANSWER live, verbal, symbolic Q. ARRM Model ANSWER attention, retention, reproduction, reinforcement Q. Kolberg stages of moral development (Heinz dilemma) ANSWER Preconventional- all about me Q. conventional ANSWER All about rules Q. post conventional ANSWER actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles- stupid laws Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory -preconventional I love myself conventional I love you more than I love myself post conventional I love you and I love myself Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device All babies have an innate ability to speak Chomsky Universal Grammar Theory No matter what language they speak they all have to same type of grammar Skinner's Operant Conditioning Believed you could use a system of positive and negative reinforcements to affect voluntary behavior imitation copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously Prompting (operant conditioning) Do you want an apple? shaping (operant conditioning) securing desired behaviour through reinforcement of it and of behaviours leading up to it Vygotskys social culture approach to language Is that children are in the zone of proximal development we provide the scaffolding they need to gain there vocabulary The stages of language development babbling- 0-11 months- start to recognize sound and produce sounds holophrastic stage 11-18months- one word two-word stage 18-30 months- mini sentences telegraphic speech 2.5 years+ process quickly, shortened sentences, subject Different behavior based on culture Eye contact, speaking to adults, taking initiative crystallized intelligence our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age fluid intelligence our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood Spearman G-Factor General Intelligence We all have one type of intelligence and dependent on one each other Gardener multiple intelligences Logical- mathematical - critical thinking Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence Spoken and written smart musical intelligence Rhythm and notes spatial intelligence Good with maps and charts Bodliy/Kinesthetic Body, control, athletic interpersonal intelligence People smart and communication skills Intrapersonal Intelligence (Gardner) Ability for self-analysis and reflection to be able to: quietly contemplate and assess one's accomplishments, review one's behavior and innermost feelings, make plans and set goals, know oneself Naturalist Intelligence (Gardner) Nature and environmental smarts Sterberg's Triarchic Theory Creative, analytical, practical generlization-skinner Giving same response to similar stimuli discrimination (classical conditioning) the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others Ex. Sub teacher short memory What you are currently thinking about Working memory Solving math problems, once you finish the problem you can forget long-term memory the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. meta-cognitive knowledge What we know about what we think Meta cognitive skills How those operations are used to achieve a learning goal 4 major sources of self-efficacy beliefs Performance accomplishments- Prior experiences on mastering tasks vicarious experience Watching others of similar standard successfully perform a skill verbal persuasion (self efficacy) feedback, encouragement, motivation from others emotional arousal Stress and discomfort intrinsic motivation You want to do it extrinsic motivation a motivation to take actions that lead to reward growth mindset Everyone is capable of learning Cooperative Small groups, mixed abilities, teacher led collaborative Similar abilities, small groups, student led Goals- Handed down from school district and state Objectives What am I teaching today? Learning Outcomes How will I know the students learned the information? Bloom's Taxonomy lower levels Remember, understand, apply Bloom's Taxonomy higher levels Analyze, evaluate, create Why do we do assessments? To plan curriculum to meet children's individual development and learning needs to identify individual children who need focus programs are interventions Diagnostic Assessment Pre test, before instruction Formative Assessment During instruction, the process of ongoing data-gathering, usually informal, that informs and guides teachers as they make instructional decisions. Check for understanding Summative Assessment Assessment data collected after instruction to evaluate a student's mastery of the curriculum objectives and a teacher's effectiveness at instructional delivery. creative intelligence create, design, invent, originate, imagine analytical intelligence ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast practical intelligence street smarts and common sense, apply and employ (measuring cups in baking) Common cognitive barriers Short attention span, remembering directions, time management, need explicit instruction, formal operation is hard Common cognitive learning disabilities ADHD, autism, TBI, Common social and emotional barriers More shy, weak self esteem, hesitant with new experiences, use drugs and alcohol, disruptive behavior Social and emotional barrier caused by Trauma, bullying, trouble with social skills, behavioral disorder Physical development barriers intrinsic- Hearing loss, visual impairments, damages to brain Physical development barriers extrinsic- Poverty, hunger, homelessness, access to transportation Learning needs- learning disabilities Repeat instructions, support organizations, support memory Learning needs- TBI Sequence information clearly, break information down into smaller chunks, unlimited tests Learning needs-intellectual disabilities Need for repeated and sequential instruction to reinforce information Learning need- autism Routine and consistensy Learning needs-ADHD positive behavior supports for attention and focus, take walk to refresh, fidget objects Self efficacy your belief in your ability to perform/complete a task social constructionism theory- instructional strategies Model/emulation, reciprocal teaching, reciprocal questioning Humanistic Theory-instructional statergies Breaks, choices, explaining the why, checking in Constructvist Theory-instructional strategies Multiple view points, zone of proximal development, scaffolding, inquiry based learning What theorist(s) are associated with behaviorism? Skinner & Hunter What are three focuses of behaviorism? 1. Teacher-Directed Learning 2. Basic Skills and Mastery 3. Conditioned Behavior What learning theory has a focus on memory, comprehension, and thinking processes? Cognitivism / Information Processing What are three focuses of cognitivism/information processing? 1. Memory 2. Comprehension 3. Thinking Processes What learning theory has a focus on motivation, growth mindset, feelings and emotions, and a whole-person viewpoint? Humanism What are three focuses of constructivism? 1. Student-Centered Learning 2. Interactive Learning 3. Building from Personal Experience What learning theory is student-centered, focuses on interactive learning, and builds from personal experience? Constructivism What are four focuses of humanism? 1. Motivation 2. Growth Mindset 3. Feelings and Emotions 4. Whole-Person Viewpoint What learning theory has a focus on being teacher-directed, basic skills and mastery, and conditioned behavior? Behaviorism What theorist(s) are associated with constructivism? Piaget and Vygotsky What theorist(s) are associated with cognitivism? Bandura What theorist(s) are associated with humanism? Maslow What theorist developed the theory of general intelligence? Spearman What is the theory of general intelligence? Intelligence is one general factor that can be measured and compared among individuals. This theory also states that intelligences are dependent of each other. What intelligence theory states that intelligences are dependent of each other, meaning if you are above-average in one area, you are likely above average in the other areas? General Intelligence What theorist developed the theory of multiple intelligences? Gardner What is the theory of multiple intelligences? The theory of multiple intelligences states that as we have different talents and skills, we also have different forms of intelligences that are independent of each other. What theorist proposed the theory of triarchic intelligence? Sternberg What is triarchic intelligence? The belief that intelligence is comprised of three main applications: analytical, practical, and creative. These intelligences are independent of each other. What are examples of linguistic intelligence? Speaking, Reading, and Writing What are examples of logical/mathematical intelligence? Ability to Solve Math Problems What are examples of spatial intelligence? Visualizing Things in the Brain, Map Reading, Geometry, Artistry What are examples of musical intelligence? Creating and Making Music What are examples of naturalistic intelligence? Growing Flowers and Crops, Being Good with Animals What are examples of kinesthetic intelligence? Using Our Body, Athletes, Dancers, Yoga Instructors What are examples of existential intelligence? Using collective values and intuition to understand others and the world around them; Spiritual People What are examples of interpersonal intelligence? Caring For and Relating to Others What are examples of intrapersonal intelligence? Caring For and Relating to Self What is a basic description of positive reinforcement? I give you something and make you happy. What is an example of positive reinforcement? I give you a sticker for sitting on the carpet quietly with your hands in your lap. What is a basic description of negative reinforcement? I will take something away and make you happy. What is an example of negative reinforcement? I will not give a test on Friday because you passed your quiz with a score higher than 80%. What is a basic description of positive punishment? I will give you something and make you sad. What is an example of positive punishment? You will write 100 sentences stating "I will not talk in class" for your outburst in class today. What is a basic description of negative punishment? I will take something away and make you sad. What is an example of negative punishment? You did not do your homework so you will not be allowed to go outside for recess. How do students display generalization? Keeping a Behavior when the Situation Changes What is an example of generalization? In the classroom, students are expected to quietly sit on the carpet with their hands folded in their laps. Students go to the library and sit on the carpet with their hands folded in their lap. How do students display discrimination? Changing a Behavior when the Situation Changes What is an example of discrimination? In the classroom, students are expected to quietly sit on the carpet with their hand folded in their lap. Students go to the library and roll around on the carpet and chatter. What is extinction? Ignoring a Behavior Until the Behavior Disappears What is an example of extinction with a positive outcome? A student keeps yelling out the answer without raising their hand. The teacher ignores them until they realize they need to raise their hand to answer. What is an example of extinction with a negative outcome? A student always raises her hand to answer. You ignore that she is doing the right thing. Eventually, she stops raising her hand to answer and yells it out instead. What is shaping? Providing Positive Reinforcement when a Student Gets Close to the Correct Behavior What is an example of shaping? A student raises their hand to answer the question but yells the answer before being called on. The teacher thanks them for raising their hand to answer the question. What is sensory memory? The first portion of memory. You have 0.5-3 seconds to decide to throw away or push to short term memory. What is short-term/working memory? You have 15-30 seconds to throw information away or push it to long term memory. Working memory is information immediately being used and then thrown away when done with the task at hand. What is long term memory? We store information for the long-keeping and it is retrieved when we are ready to work with it. What is explicit memory? The things that we can explain such as, "What is the best give you've ever received? What is the formula for area?" What is implicit memory? The things we don't have words for such as muscle memory such as riding a bike and breathing. What is self-efficacy? The belief that you can do something What is metacognition? Self-Awareness and Self-Assessment What is intrinsic motivation? Intrinsic motivation is driven by a student's internal desire to do something. What is an example of intrinsic motivation? A student loves dinosaurs. She decides to study multiple books on dinosaurs to increase her knowledge. What is extrinsic motivation? Extrinsic motivation is driven by a student's desire for a reward or prize. What is an example of extrinsic motivation? A student reads 10 books on dinosaurs over the summer because she will earn a free personal pan pizza. What is a growth mindset? A growth mindset believes that our abilities can change through learning. What is free-will/student choice? Students have control over who, what, when, where, and why they learn. What is student-centered learning? Student-centered learning emphasizes guiding students' self-chosen direction. What is cooperative learning? Cooperative learning is when students work as groups to accomplish a shared goal presented by the teacher. What is collaborative learning? Collaborative learning is when students work in groups for collective problem solving. The discussion in this group is directed by the students themselves. Which learning type: collective, cooperative, or student-centered has four learning roles? Cooperative What are four examples of cooperative learning roles? 1. Scribe 2. Speaker 3. Inquirer 4. Manager What are three blended learning models? 1. Station Rotation 2. Lab Rotation 3. Flex What is the station-rotation learning model? Groups of students rotate through learning stations. What is the lab rotation learning model? Students rotate to a computer lab outside of the classroom. What is the flex learning model? Offers students the opportunity to set their own schedules. What is classical conditioning? Learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a potent stimulus that naturally produces a behavior. What is operant conditioning? Operant conditioning is based on the idea that we can increase or decrease a behavior by adding a reward or consequence. What is direct instruction? Direct instruction is a teaching model that uses clear explanations, demonstrations, and practice to help students learn a skill or concept. What is mnemonics? The study and development of systems for improving and assisting the memory. Think mnemonic devices. What is a fixed mindset? The fixed mindset believes that intelligence and traits are fixed and cannot grow. What is a scribe in a cooperative learning group? The scribe writes down the group ideas as the members come up with them. What is a speaker in a cooperative learning group? The speaker presents the group's findings to the teacher and class. What is the inquirer in a cooperative learning group? The inquirer asks the teacher for clarification on the assignment as needed. What is the manager in a cooperative learning group? The manager makes sure that all of the supplies are available and tasks are completed. What is project-based learning? Project based learning is a more complex version of inquiry-based learning. The inquiry cycle leads to an investigation into the creation of a product or other tangible outcome. Think of the creation of a presentation, skit, song, model, etc. What is inquiry-based learning? The teacher poses thoughtful questioned intended to stimulate discussion and investigation rather than simply presenting knowledge. What is cognitive constructivism? Cognitive constructivism emphasizes learners' individual responses to experience and their tendency to assimilate and accommodate it to existing schema. What is social constructivism? Social constructivism emphasizes how more-knowledgeable-others can create opportunities for learners to construct new knowledge through scaffolding. What is scaffolding? The teacher grants and then gradually removes guidance and support as students learn and become more competent. What is zone of proximal development (ZPD)? The area in between tasks students can complete without support and tasks students cannot complete even with support. What is reciprocal teaching? Reciprocal teaching implements four strategies: 1. Predicting 2. Question Generating 3. Clarifying 4. Summarizing What is reciprocal questioning? A strategy where students work in small groups to discuss course material.