Zoo 523 Exam 1 Review ACTUAL UPDATED Questions and CORRECT Answers
C
Terms in this set (307)
specialization the adaptation of an organism or organ to a special function or environment
granule cell a small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex (about half of
cells in brain)
purkinje cell a type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex - has many protrusions
nervous system network of cells that transmit signals throughout body
what are nervous system functions? organize functions of body, characteristic cells, and networks of myriad functions
nerve cells neurons ("computational unit") - Cells that carry information in the body
ganglion cluster of neurons cell bodies in the PNS (nematode - worm - has ganglion
instead of brain - no brain is needed to transmit signals and organize bodily
functions)
how many neurons does a sponge have? 0
how many neurons does a nematode have? 302
how many neurons does a jellyfish have? 5,600
how many neurons does a fruit fly have? 100,000
how many neurons does a zebrafish have? 10,000,000
how many neurons does a mouse have? 71,000,000
, how many neurons does a human have? 86,000,000,000
neurophysiology function of neurons in electrical terms; is similar across neurons of every species
(basic functions of those in a squid works similar way to humans)
Golgi stain a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue -
small fraction of neurons fully
Ramon y Cajal discovered "dynamic polarization" and neuron doctrine
dynamic polarization Unidirectional flow of electrical signals within neurons
Neuron doctrine neurons are separate cells that communicate
neuron - computational unit fundamental element that performs a task or makes decision to active (fire) or not
communication in nervous system inputs --> synapses --> outputs
synapse apposition of axon terminal (neurotransmitter release site) and NT receptors; sites
of communication; can form onto spines (vs shafts) of a dendrite
what do 86,000,000,000 neurons buy us? quadrillion synapses
more neurons and connections means: more specialization, more varied activity, more complex thought and action
basic organization of nervous system... ...elements that decide and communicate is powerful and flexible
feats of biological nervous system creativity, memory, projection, communication, intelligence, learning, emotion,
perception, attention, movement, dexterity, sport, survival, breathing, arousal,
sleep, organ physiology --> all from outputs of cells working together
neurite a projection from a neuron's cell body - specializations for transmitting signals
soma cell body of neuron - contains nucleus, genetic material, houses organelles
(although some invade neuritis), transcription and some translation (some in
neurites)
transcription synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
translation Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA
dendrite receive incoming input from synapses (branches fork, giving arboreal
appearance, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses
toward the cell body)
axon when neuron decides to active, info gets transmitted downstream via axon to
synapses; branches can arise at right angles, more sprawling and less arboreal
than dendrite
C
Terms in this set (307)
specialization the adaptation of an organism or organ to a special function or environment
granule cell a small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex (about half of
cells in brain)
purkinje cell a type of large nerve cell in the cerebellar cortex - has many protrusions
nervous system network of cells that transmit signals throughout body
what are nervous system functions? organize functions of body, characteristic cells, and networks of myriad functions
nerve cells neurons ("computational unit") - Cells that carry information in the body
ganglion cluster of neurons cell bodies in the PNS (nematode - worm - has ganglion
instead of brain - no brain is needed to transmit signals and organize bodily
functions)
how many neurons does a sponge have? 0
how many neurons does a nematode have? 302
how many neurons does a jellyfish have? 5,600
how many neurons does a fruit fly have? 100,000
how many neurons does a zebrafish have? 10,000,000
how many neurons does a mouse have? 71,000,000
, how many neurons does a human have? 86,000,000,000
neurophysiology function of neurons in electrical terms; is similar across neurons of every species
(basic functions of those in a squid works similar way to humans)
Golgi stain a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue -
small fraction of neurons fully
Ramon y Cajal discovered "dynamic polarization" and neuron doctrine
dynamic polarization Unidirectional flow of electrical signals within neurons
Neuron doctrine neurons are separate cells that communicate
neuron - computational unit fundamental element that performs a task or makes decision to active (fire) or not
communication in nervous system inputs --> synapses --> outputs
synapse apposition of axon terminal (neurotransmitter release site) and NT receptors; sites
of communication; can form onto spines (vs shafts) of a dendrite
what do 86,000,000,000 neurons buy us? quadrillion synapses
more neurons and connections means: more specialization, more varied activity, more complex thought and action
basic organization of nervous system... ...elements that decide and communicate is powerful and flexible
feats of biological nervous system creativity, memory, projection, communication, intelligence, learning, emotion,
perception, attention, movement, dexterity, sport, survival, breathing, arousal,
sleep, organ physiology --> all from outputs of cells working together
neurite a projection from a neuron's cell body - specializations for transmitting signals
soma cell body of neuron - contains nucleus, genetic material, houses organelles
(although some invade neuritis), transcription and some translation (some in
neurites)
transcription synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
translation Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA
dendrite receive incoming input from synapses (branches fork, giving arboreal
appearance, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses
toward the cell body)
axon when neuron decides to active, info gets transmitted downstream via axon to
synapses; branches can arise at right angles, more sprawling and less arboreal
than dendrite
