Embryologie en
teratologie
BACHELOR DIERGENEESKUNDE
LEERJAAR 1, SEMESTER 2
2020/2021
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Algemeen..............................................................................................................................................................6
Les 1: De voortplanting.................................................................................................................................. 7
Spermato- en spermiogenese...............................................................................................................................7
Ovogenese/ Oögenese..........................................................................................................................................8
De bevruchting....................................................................................................................................................10
Les 2: Abnormale bevruchting – klieving – blastulatie...................................................................................12
(Abnormale) bevruchting....................................................................................................................................12
Klieving...............................................................................................................................................................13
Blastulatie...........................................................................................................................................................13
Cel differentiatie in embryonale ontwikkeling....................................................................................................14
Les 3: Gastrulatie – Neurulatie..................................................................................................................... 14
Gastrulatie..........................................................................................................................................................14
Neurulatie...........................................................................................................................................................17
Les 4: Ontwikkeling tot de primitieve lichaamsvorm.....................................................................................19
Les 5-6: Ontwikkeling Gastro Intestinaal stelsel (maag-darmstelsel).............................................................20
Mondholte en farynx..........................................................................................................................................21
Wangen..............................................................................................................................................................22
Tanden en lippen................................................................................................................................................22
Gehemelte..........................................................................................................................................................22
Tong....................................................................................................................................................................23
Slokdarm.............................................................................................................................................................24
Ma(a)g(en) en darm...........................................................................................................................................24
Grote klieren.......................................................................................................................................................25
Les 7: Ontwikkeling ademhalingsstelsel........................................................................................................ 26
Nasale placode ontstaat/ reukplacode..............................................................................................................26
Ontstaan reukzakjes (neusopeningen)...............................................................................................................26
Ontstaan larynx..................................................................................................................................................27
Ontwikkeling longen (4 fases)............................................................................................................................27
Les 8: Placentatie......................................................................................................................................... 28
Bescherming en voeding.....................................................................................................................................28
Algemene opbouw..............................................................................................................................................28
Uterus............................................................................................................................................................28
Cycliciteit van het endometrium...................................................................................................................29
Postovulatoir 2 situaties mogelijk:................................................................................................................29
, Aantal en duur ovariumcyclus.......................................................................................................................29
Implantatie.........................................................................................................................................................30
Soorten implantatie.......................................................................................................................................31
Pathologie van de implantatie.......................................................................................................................31
Placentatie..........................................................................................................................................................31
Functie...........................................................................................................................................................31
Grondplan placenta bij huisdieren................................................................................................................32
Vorming van de placenta...............................................................................................................................32
Placenta-types...............................................................................................................................................33
Pathologie van de placenta...........................................................................................................................34
Embryonale aanhangsels....................................................................................................................................34
Amnion...........................................................................................................................................................34
Chorion..........................................................................................................................................................35
Navelblaasje...................................................................................................................................................35
Allantoïs.........................................................................................................................................................35
Navelstreng....................................................................................................................................................35
Les 9: Ontwikkeling lichaamsholtes.............................................................................................................. 36
Ontstaan diafragma...........................................................................................................................................36
Les 10: Zenuwstelsel.................................................................................................................................... 37
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................37
Histogenese van CNS (centraal zenuwstelsel)....................................................................................................37
Vorming ruggenmerg.........................................................................................................................................37
Differentiatie van cellen......................................................................................................................................38
Einde van ruggenmerg.......................................................................................................................................38
Vliezen rond ruggenmerg...................................................................................................................................38
Afwijkingen.........................................................................................................................................................38
Vorming van hersenblaasjes...............................................................................................................................39
Afwijkingen.........................................................................................................................................................39
Differentiatie van neurale lijst............................................................................................................................40
Neurale lijstcellen...............................................................................................................................................40
Les 11: Oog – Oor – Endocrinum................................................................................................................... 42
Ontwikkeling van het oog...................................................................................................................................42
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................42
Structuren afkomstig van neuroblast............................................................................................................42
Structuren afkomstig van ectoderm..............................................................................................................43
Structuren afkomstig van mesoderm (mesenchym).....................................................................................43
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................44
Ontwikkeling van het oor...................................................................................................................................44
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................44
Inwendig oor..................................................................................................................................................44
Middenoor.....................................................................................................................................................45
Buitenoor.......................................................................................................................................................45
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................45
Ontwikkeling van het endocrinum......................................................................................................................45
Hypofyse (pituitary).......................................................................................................................................46
, Schildklier (thyroid)........................................................................................................................................46
Bijnieren (adrenals)........................................................................................................................................46
Andere endocriende cellen............................................................................................................................46
Les 12: Ontwikkeling cardiovasculair en lymfestelsel....................................................................................47
Cardiovasculair stelsel........................................................................................................................................47
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................47
Herkomst bloed en bloedvaten.....................................................................................................................47
Oorsprong hart..............................................................................................................................................48
Intra-embryonale circulatie...........................................................................................................................49
Aortabogen zoogdieren.................................................................................................................................49
Inwendige ontwikkeling hart.........................................................................................................................50
Arterieel systeem...........................................................................................................................................51
Veneus systeem.............................................................................................................................................52
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................52
Ontwikkeling Lymfestelsel..................................................................................................................................54
Lymfevaten, -knopen, -follikels.....................................................................................................................54
Tonsillen.........................................................................................................................................................54
Thymus...........................................................................................................................................................54
Milt.................................................................................................................................................................54
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................54
Les 13: Ontwikkeling bewegingsstelsel......................................................................................................... 55
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................55
Notochord...........................................................................................................................................................55
Mesenchym (oerbindweefsel).............................................................................................................................55
Skelet..................................................................................................................................................................56
Endoskelet...........................................................................................................................................................56
Ontwikkeling van de schedel.........................................................................................................................56
Vorming wervels............................................................................................................................................57
Ribben............................................................................................................................................................58
Sternum.........................................................................................................................................................59
Ledematen.....................................................................................................................................................59
Congenitale afwijking.........................................................................................................................................59
Gewrichten.........................................................................................................................................................59
Spieren................................................................................................................................................................60
Skeletspier.....................................................................................................................................................60
Evolutie myotomen.......................................................................................................................................60
Somatische kopspieren..................................................................................................................................61
Tongspieren...................................................................................................................................................61
Viscerale kopspieren......................................................................................................................................61
Kieuwboogspieren.........................................................................................................................................61
Cervicale myotomen......................................................................................................................................61
Thoracale myotomen.....................................................................................................................................62
Lumbale myotomen.......................................................................................................................................62
Sacrale myotomen.........................................................................................................................................62
Coccygeale myotomen..................................................................................................................................62
Spieren van gordel en extremiteiten.............................................................................................................62
Spieren huid...................................................................................................................................................63
Les 14: Ontwikkeling urogenitaal stelsel....................................................................................................... 64
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................64
teratologie
BACHELOR DIERGENEESKUNDE
LEERJAAR 1, SEMESTER 2
2020/2021
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Algemeen..............................................................................................................................................................6
Les 1: De voortplanting.................................................................................................................................. 7
Spermato- en spermiogenese...............................................................................................................................7
Ovogenese/ Oögenese..........................................................................................................................................8
De bevruchting....................................................................................................................................................10
Les 2: Abnormale bevruchting – klieving – blastulatie...................................................................................12
(Abnormale) bevruchting....................................................................................................................................12
Klieving...............................................................................................................................................................13
Blastulatie...........................................................................................................................................................13
Cel differentiatie in embryonale ontwikkeling....................................................................................................14
Les 3: Gastrulatie – Neurulatie..................................................................................................................... 14
Gastrulatie..........................................................................................................................................................14
Neurulatie...........................................................................................................................................................17
Les 4: Ontwikkeling tot de primitieve lichaamsvorm.....................................................................................19
Les 5-6: Ontwikkeling Gastro Intestinaal stelsel (maag-darmstelsel).............................................................20
Mondholte en farynx..........................................................................................................................................21
Wangen..............................................................................................................................................................22
Tanden en lippen................................................................................................................................................22
Gehemelte..........................................................................................................................................................22
Tong....................................................................................................................................................................23
Slokdarm.............................................................................................................................................................24
Ma(a)g(en) en darm...........................................................................................................................................24
Grote klieren.......................................................................................................................................................25
Les 7: Ontwikkeling ademhalingsstelsel........................................................................................................ 26
Nasale placode ontstaat/ reukplacode..............................................................................................................26
Ontstaan reukzakjes (neusopeningen)...............................................................................................................26
Ontstaan larynx..................................................................................................................................................27
Ontwikkeling longen (4 fases)............................................................................................................................27
Les 8: Placentatie......................................................................................................................................... 28
Bescherming en voeding.....................................................................................................................................28
Algemene opbouw..............................................................................................................................................28
Uterus............................................................................................................................................................28
Cycliciteit van het endometrium...................................................................................................................29
Postovulatoir 2 situaties mogelijk:................................................................................................................29
, Aantal en duur ovariumcyclus.......................................................................................................................29
Implantatie.........................................................................................................................................................30
Soorten implantatie.......................................................................................................................................31
Pathologie van de implantatie.......................................................................................................................31
Placentatie..........................................................................................................................................................31
Functie...........................................................................................................................................................31
Grondplan placenta bij huisdieren................................................................................................................32
Vorming van de placenta...............................................................................................................................32
Placenta-types...............................................................................................................................................33
Pathologie van de placenta...........................................................................................................................34
Embryonale aanhangsels....................................................................................................................................34
Amnion...........................................................................................................................................................34
Chorion..........................................................................................................................................................35
Navelblaasje...................................................................................................................................................35
Allantoïs.........................................................................................................................................................35
Navelstreng....................................................................................................................................................35
Les 9: Ontwikkeling lichaamsholtes.............................................................................................................. 36
Ontstaan diafragma...........................................................................................................................................36
Les 10: Zenuwstelsel.................................................................................................................................... 37
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................37
Histogenese van CNS (centraal zenuwstelsel)....................................................................................................37
Vorming ruggenmerg.........................................................................................................................................37
Differentiatie van cellen......................................................................................................................................38
Einde van ruggenmerg.......................................................................................................................................38
Vliezen rond ruggenmerg...................................................................................................................................38
Afwijkingen.........................................................................................................................................................38
Vorming van hersenblaasjes...............................................................................................................................39
Afwijkingen.........................................................................................................................................................39
Differentiatie van neurale lijst............................................................................................................................40
Neurale lijstcellen...............................................................................................................................................40
Les 11: Oog – Oor – Endocrinum................................................................................................................... 42
Ontwikkeling van het oog...................................................................................................................................42
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................42
Structuren afkomstig van neuroblast............................................................................................................42
Structuren afkomstig van ectoderm..............................................................................................................43
Structuren afkomstig van mesoderm (mesenchym).....................................................................................43
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................44
Ontwikkeling van het oor...................................................................................................................................44
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................44
Inwendig oor..................................................................................................................................................44
Middenoor.....................................................................................................................................................45
Buitenoor.......................................................................................................................................................45
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................45
Ontwikkeling van het endocrinum......................................................................................................................45
Hypofyse (pituitary).......................................................................................................................................46
, Schildklier (thyroid)........................................................................................................................................46
Bijnieren (adrenals)........................................................................................................................................46
Andere endocriende cellen............................................................................................................................46
Les 12: Ontwikkeling cardiovasculair en lymfestelsel....................................................................................47
Cardiovasculair stelsel........................................................................................................................................47
Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................47
Herkomst bloed en bloedvaten.....................................................................................................................47
Oorsprong hart..............................................................................................................................................48
Intra-embryonale circulatie...........................................................................................................................49
Aortabogen zoogdieren.................................................................................................................................49
Inwendige ontwikkeling hart.........................................................................................................................50
Arterieel systeem...........................................................................................................................................51
Veneus systeem.............................................................................................................................................52
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................52
Ontwikkeling Lymfestelsel..................................................................................................................................54
Lymfevaten, -knopen, -follikels.....................................................................................................................54
Tonsillen.........................................................................................................................................................54
Thymus...........................................................................................................................................................54
Milt.................................................................................................................................................................54
Afwijkingen....................................................................................................................................................54
Les 13: Ontwikkeling bewegingsstelsel......................................................................................................... 55
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................55
Notochord...........................................................................................................................................................55
Mesenchym (oerbindweefsel).............................................................................................................................55
Skelet..................................................................................................................................................................56
Endoskelet...........................................................................................................................................................56
Ontwikkeling van de schedel.........................................................................................................................56
Vorming wervels............................................................................................................................................57
Ribben............................................................................................................................................................58
Sternum.........................................................................................................................................................59
Ledematen.....................................................................................................................................................59
Congenitale afwijking.........................................................................................................................................59
Gewrichten.........................................................................................................................................................59
Spieren................................................................................................................................................................60
Skeletspier.....................................................................................................................................................60
Evolutie myotomen.......................................................................................................................................60
Somatische kopspieren..................................................................................................................................61
Tongspieren...................................................................................................................................................61
Viscerale kopspieren......................................................................................................................................61
Kieuwboogspieren.........................................................................................................................................61
Cervicale myotomen......................................................................................................................................61
Thoracale myotomen.....................................................................................................................................62
Lumbale myotomen.......................................................................................................................................62
Sacrale myotomen.........................................................................................................................................62
Coccygeale myotomen..................................................................................................................................62
Spieren van gordel en extremiteiten.............................................................................................................62
Spieren huid...................................................................................................................................................63
Les 14: Ontwikkeling urogenitaal stelsel....................................................................................................... 64
Algemeen............................................................................................................................................................64
