PORTH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION PAPER 2026
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ 2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates
about the large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or
lack thereof. The nurse is referring to the Healthy People 2020 report
from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as a teaching
example. Of the following aspects discussed, which would be considered
a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native
American descent and practices various alternative therapies to
minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment
regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care
benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with
access to many health care facilities. Answer: B) The client has a family
history of cardiovascular disease related to hypercholesterolemia and
remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
⩥ 3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical
unit of a large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a
colleague the differentiation between diseases that are caused by
,abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease. Which of the
following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a
transfusion of packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke
resulting from familial hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring
oxygen therapy and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV positive.. Answer: D) A 30-year-old
homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is
HIV positive.
⩥ 4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and
pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital
context. Which of the following aspects of clients' situations best
characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver
cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol
poisoning
,D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle
accident. Answer: B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels
due to liver cirrhosis
⩥ 5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent
placement has arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In
this first session, a review of the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease
is addressed. Which statement by the patient verifies to the nurse that he
has understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery disease?
A) "All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more
heart attacks."
B) "My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty
foods like French fries every day."
C) "Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery
that made it easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery."
D) "If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in
the veins causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will
have a heart attack.". Answer: C) "Sounds like this began because of
inflammation inside my artery that made it easy to form fatty streaks,
which lead to my clogged artery."
⩥ 6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation
of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory
therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which of the
following aspects of the patient's current state of health would be best
characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
, B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying
supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung
fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute.. Answer: B) The
patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
⩥ 7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a
complication of a disease or outcome from the treatment regimen?
Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial
fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion
of colon due to intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient
diagnosed with Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease. Answer: A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of
new-onset atrial fibrillation
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION PAPER 2026
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ 2. A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates
about the large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or
lack thereof. The nurse is referring to the Healthy People 2020 report
from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as a teaching
example. Of the following aspects discussed, which would be considered
a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native
American descent and practices various alternative therapies to
minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment
regime.
C) The client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care
benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with
access to many health care facilities. Answer: B) The client has a family
history of cardiovascular disease related to hypercholesterolemia and
remains noncompliant with the treatment regime.
⩥ 3. A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical
unit of a large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a
colleague the differentiation between diseases that are caused by
,abnormal molecules and diseases that cause disease. Which of the
following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a
transfusion of packed red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke
resulting from familial hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring
oxygen therapy and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia (PCP) and is HIV positive.. Answer: D) A 30-year-old
homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is
HIV positive.
⩥ 4. A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and
pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital
context. Which of the following aspects of clients' situations best
characterizes pathogenesis rather than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver
cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol
poisoning
,D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle
accident. Answer: B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels
due to liver cirrhosis
⩥ 5. A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent
placement has arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In
this first session, a review of the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease
is addressed. Which statement by the patient verifies to the nurse that he
has understood the nurse's teachings about coronary artery disease?
A) "All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more
heart attacks."
B) "My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty
foods like French fries every day."
C) "Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery
that made it easy to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery."
D) "If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in
the veins causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will
have a heart attack.". Answer: C) "Sounds like this began because of
inflammation inside my artery that made it easy to form fatty streaks,
which lead to my clogged artery."
⩥ 6. A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation
of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory
therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which of the
following aspects of the patient's current state of health would be best
characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
, B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying
supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung
fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute.. Answer: B) The
patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
⩥ 7. Which of the following situations would be classified as a
complication of a disease or outcome from the treatment regimen?
Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial
fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion
of colon due to intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient
diagnosed with Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer
disease. Answer: A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of
new-onset atrial fibrillation
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with
bleomycin, an antibiotic chemotherapy agent used in treatment of
lymphoma
