PORTH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK
COMPLETE GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What happens when cells atrophy? Answer: Reduce their oxygen
consumption and other cellular functions by decreasing the number and
size of their organelles and other structures.
Fewer mitochondria, myofilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum
structures.
When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or
muscle atrophies.
⩥ As workload of a cell declines... Answer: oxygen consumption and
protein synthesis decrease.
⩥ The general causes of atrophy can be grouped into five categories:
Answer: 1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Ischemia or decreased blood flow
,⩥ When does disuse atrophy occur? Answer: When there is a reduction
in skeletal muscle use.
Lack of endocrine stimulation produces a form.
Ex. Cast
⩥ What is denervation atrophy Answer: Occurs in the muscles of
paralyzed limbs.
⩥ In women, the loss of estrogen stimulation during menopause results:
Answer: In atrophic changes in the reproductive organs.
⩥ With malnutrition and decreased blood flow, cells? Answer: decrease
their size and energy requirements as a means of survival.
⩥ Hypertrophy Answer: Represents an increase in cell size and with it
an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
⩥ Where is hypertrophy commonly seen? Answer: commonly seen in
cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, which cannot adapt to an increase in
workload through mitotic division and formation of more cells.
,⩥ Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of Answer: disease
conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory.
⩥ Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary
bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the
myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or
hypertension. Answer:
⩥ Compensatory hypertrophy is the Answer: enlargement of a remaining
organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered
inactive.
Example : if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to
compensate for the loss.
⩥ Intracellular signaling cascades promote Answer: protein synthesis
and protein stability in which both can increase cardiomyocyte size
⩥ Hyperplasia refers to Answer: an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue.
It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such
as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue
, ⩥ Hyperplasia involves activation of Answer: genes controlling cell
proliferation and the presence of intracellular messengers that control
cell replication and growth
⩥ What kind of process is hyperplasia, and what is it in a response to?
Answer: Controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate
stimulus and ceases after the stimulus has been removed
⩥ What are the 2 types of physiologic hyperplasia: Answer: hormonal
and compensatory.
⩥ Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy are examples of a
physiologic hyperplasia that results from estrogen stimulation. Answer:
⩥ The regeneration of the liver that occurs after partial hepatectomy
(i.e., partial removal of the liver) is an example of compensatory
hyperplasia Answer:
⩥ Hyperplasia is also an important response of Answer: connective
tissue in wound healing, during which proliferating fibroblasts and blood
vessels contribute to wound repair.
Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they
may occur together and are often triggered by the same mechanism
COMPLETE GUIDE 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What happens when cells atrophy? Answer: Reduce their oxygen
consumption and other cellular functions by decreasing the number and
size of their organelles and other structures.
Fewer mitochondria, myofilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum
structures.
When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or
muscle atrophies.
⩥ As workload of a cell declines... Answer: oxygen consumption and
protein synthesis decrease.
⩥ The general causes of atrophy can be grouped into five categories:
Answer: 1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Ischemia or decreased blood flow
,⩥ When does disuse atrophy occur? Answer: When there is a reduction
in skeletal muscle use.
Lack of endocrine stimulation produces a form.
Ex. Cast
⩥ What is denervation atrophy Answer: Occurs in the muscles of
paralyzed limbs.
⩥ In women, the loss of estrogen stimulation during menopause results:
Answer: In atrophic changes in the reproductive organs.
⩥ With malnutrition and decreased blood flow, cells? Answer: decrease
their size and energy requirements as a means of survival.
⩥ Hypertrophy Answer: Represents an increase in cell size and with it
an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
⩥ Where is hypertrophy commonly seen? Answer: commonly seen in
cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, which cannot adapt to an increase in
workload through mitotic division and formation of more cells.
,⩥ Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of Answer: disease
conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory.
⩥ Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary
bladder from long-continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the
myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular heart disease or
hypertension. Answer:
⩥ Compensatory hypertrophy is the Answer: enlargement of a remaining
organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered
inactive.
Example : if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to
compensate for the loss.
⩥ Intracellular signaling cascades promote Answer: protein synthesis
and protein stability in which both can increase cardiomyocyte size
⩥ Hyperplasia refers to Answer: an increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue.
It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such
as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue
, ⩥ Hyperplasia involves activation of Answer: genes controlling cell
proliferation and the presence of intracellular messengers that control
cell replication and growth
⩥ What kind of process is hyperplasia, and what is it in a response to?
Answer: Controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate
stimulus and ceases after the stimulus has been removed
⩥ What are the 2 types of physiologic hyperplasia: Answer: hormonal
and compensatory.
⩥ Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy are examples of a
physiologic hyperplasia that results from estrogen stimulation. Answer:
⩥ The regeneration of the liver that occurs after partial hepatectomy
(i.e., partial removal of the liver) is an example of compensatory
hyperplasia Answer:
⩥ Hyperplasia is also an important response of Answer: connective
tissue in wound healing, during which proliferating fibroblasts and blood
vessels contribute to wound repair.
Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they
may occur together and are often triggered by the same mechanism
