BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Question
and Answer (2026) | A+ Verified | Latest
Exam Prep
• Life Cycle of the Cell -✓✓G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
• G1 -✓✓Interphase growth period within the cell
• G0 -✓✓Interphase rest period
• S -✓✓Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of chromosomes double
• G2 -✓✓Second phase of interphase growth
• Molecular Structure of DNA -✓✓DNA, also called Deoxyribose nucleic acid, is
an anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a
nitrogen base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a
structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a
ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, held together by
phosphodiester bonds, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one strand
pair with the bases on another strand: A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming
the DNA molecule.
A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held together by
3
• Molecular Structure of RNA -✓✓The structure of RNA is made up of three
components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar. One of the
carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base, which is A,G,C, or U.
Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to the phosphate group. Yet
another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
,What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine
and it has an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
• Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA -
✓✓http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
• Mitosis -✓✓The devision of a mother and daughter cell into genetically identical
cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
• Prophase -✓✓Chromosomes are condensed
• Prometaphase -✓✓Nuclear envelope dissolves
• Meselson and Stahl -✓✓Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested which model of
DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14 medium
and allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples, spliced them, spun
them in a centrifuge, and viewed which layers emerged because N^15 was heavier
than N^14. They saw that there wasn't just a band for N^15 and N^14, but a half
dark, half light band. This threw the conservative model out. After the second
generation went by there was an equal distribution of half light and half dark
bands.
The Semi-Conservative model of DNA was supported by this.
• Conservative Model -✓✓Every time a new molecule of DNA is produced it is
completely brand new (brand new molecule)
• Semi-conservative Model -✓✓Each strand of DNA becomes integrated with a
new strand into a new double helix (half old molecule and half new)
• Dispersive Model -✓✓Both original strands of DNA become interspersed
throughout the new model (unequal proportions of new DNA to old DNA)
• Metaphase -✓✓Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
, • Chargaff's Rules -✓✓A and T are always in the same abundance.
G and C are always in the same abundance.
Different species have different %AT vs %GC
• Anaphase -✓✓Chromosomes are pulled apart, pulling two identical daughter
chromosomes to each end of the cell
• Avery Experiment -✓✓Determined what material contains genetic material by
extracting protein, DNA, and RNA from IIIS cells through heating. Conducted
four experiments where all material was added to vials of IIR cells.
1. All material added (protean, RNA, DNA). IIR and IIIS cells present because of
transformation of genetic material.
2. Treated with protease, only DNA and RNA were active. IIR and IIIS cells were
present.
3. Treated with ribonuclease, only DNA and protein were active. IIR and IIIS cells
were present.
4. Treated with deoxyribonuclease. RNA and protein were active. ONLY IIR
CELLS WERE PRESENT.
Conclusion, when DNA is not present, transformation does not occur. Tells us
DNA passes on genetic information.
• Telophase -✓✓New envelope forms around each set of daughter chromosomes,
cell begins to elongate.
• Telomerase -✓✓Linear DNA chromosomes get shorter as you age, which is a
major problem in age related issues.
Some of our cells have Telomerase, however.
Telomerase is largely classified as stem cells, germ cells, and white blood cells.
and Answer (2026) | A+ Verified | Latest
Exam Prep
• Life Cycle of the Cell -✓✓G1-G0-G1-S-G2-Mitosis
• G1 -✓✓Interphase growth period within the cell
• G0 -✓✓Interphase rest period
• S -✓✓Interphase period of DNA replication, contents of chromosomes double
• G2 -✓✓Second phase of interphase growth
• Molecular Structure of DNA -✓✓DNA, also called Deoxyribose nucleic acid, is
an anti-parallel double helix composed of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar group, and a
nitrogen base (A,G,C,T)
Nucleotides are attached together to form two long strands that spiral to create a
structure called a double helix. If you think of the double helix structure as a
ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, held together by
phosphodiester bonds, while the bases would be the rungs. The bases on one strand
pair with the bases on another strand: A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming
the DNA molecule.
A and T are held together by 2 hydrogen bonds while G and C are held together by
3
• Molecular Structure of RNA -✓✓The structure of RNA is made up of three
components, one of which is a five-carbon sugar called ribose sugar. One of the
carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to a nitrogenous base, which is A,G,C, or U.
Another of the carbons of the ribose sugar is attached to the phosphate group. Yet
another carbon is attached to a hydroxyl group.
,What makes RNA different from DNA is that it uses Uracil instead of Thymine
and it has an OH group on the 2' carbon instead of the plain H that DNA has.
• Deoxyribose sugar of DNA compared to Ribose sugar of RNA -
✓✓http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_02-07_Figure-L.jpg
• Mitosis -✓✓The devision of a mother and daughter cell into genetically identical
cells. Prophase-Prometaphase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
• Prophase -✓✓Chromosomes are condensed
• Prometaphase -✓✓Nuclear envelope dissolves
• Meselson and Stahl -✓✓Meselson and Stahl's experiment tested which model of
DNA, i.e., the conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive models, was correct.
They grew Ecoli in N^15. They then took the N^15 and put it into N^14 medium
and allowed DNA replication to take place. They took samples, spliced them, spun
them in a centrifuge, and viewed which layers emerged because N^15 was heavier
than N^14. They saw that there wasn't just a band for N^15 and N^14, but a half
dark, half light band. This threw the conservative model out. After the second
generation went by there was an equal distribution of half light and half dark
bands.
The Semi-Conservative model of DNA was supported by this.
• Conservative Model -✓✓Every time a new molecule of DNA is produced it is
completely brand new (brand new molecule)
• Semi-conservative Model -✓✓Each strand of DNA becomes integrated with a
new strand into a new double helix (half old molecule and half new)
• Dispersive Model -✓✓Both original strands of DNA become interspersed
throughout the new model (unequal proportions of new DNA to old DNA)
• Metaphase -✓✓Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
, • Chargaff's Rules -✓✓A and T are always in the same abundance.
G and C are always in the same abundance.
Different species have different %AT vs %GC
• Anaphase -✓✓Chromosomes are pulled apart, pulling two identical daughter
chromosomes to each end of the cell
• Avery Experiment -✓✓Determined what material contains genetic material by
extracting protein, DNA, and RNA from IIIS cells through heating. Conducted
four experiments where all material was added to vials of IIR cells.
1. All material added (protean, RNA, DNA). IIR and IIIS cells present because of
transformation of genetic material.
2. Treated with protease, only DNA and RNA were active. IIR and IIIS cells were
present.
3. Treated with ribonuclease, only DNA and protein were active. IIR and IIIS cells
were present.
4. Treated with deoxyribonuclease. RNA and protein were active. ONLY IIR
CELLS WERE PRESENT.
Conclusion, when DNA is not present, transformation does not occur. Tells us
DNA passes on genetic information.
• Telophase -✓✓New envelope forms around each set of daughter chromosomes,
cell begins to elongate.
• Telomerase -✓✓Linear DNA chromosomes get shorter as you age, which is a
major problem in age related issues.
Some of our cells have Telomerase, however.
Telomerase is largely classified as stem cells, germ cells, and white blood cells.
