BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Question and Answer (2026) | A+ Verified | Accurate Solutions

BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam Question
and Answer (2026) | A+ Verified | Accurate
Solutions
• A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? -✓✓phosphate group, pentose
sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base

• What nitrogenous bases are purines -✓✓Adenine and Guanine

• What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? -✓✓cytosine, thymine, uracil

• How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? -✓✓purines are
double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed

• What are the differences between DNA and RNA? -✓✓DNA: double stranded,
has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2'
Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C

• Nucleoside vs Nucleotide -✓✓nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

• What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? -✓✓Phosphodiester bonds

• What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? -✓✓1.) Must
contain important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information

• Where are chromosomes located? -✓✓cell's nucleus

• what is a centrosome? -✓✓location in the cell that contains centrioles

• What are centrioles? -✓✓microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in
cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell

,• How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? -✓✓2 centrioles/1
centrosome

• How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell
typically have? -✓✓2 copies

• what are homologous chromosomes? -✓✓copies of the same type of DNA

• What are non-homologous chromosomes? -✓✓copies of different chromosomes
with different DNA

• What is mitosis? -✓✓cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates

• What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? -✓✓interphase, prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

• What happens during mitosis interphase? -✓✓mitosis stage that the cell is
primarily in
chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles

• What happens during interphase s-phase? -✓✓Centrosome replication ( 2
centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still
uncondensed)

• What happens during mitosis prophase? -✓✓centrioles move to opposite ends of
the cell using spindle fibers

nuclear membrane breaks down

chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore
that attracts mitotic spindle fibers

• What happens during mitosis prometaphase? -✓✓centrioles have reached polar
regions and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore

, • What happens during mitosis metaphase -✓✓all chromosomes are lined up on the
metaphase plate

• What happens during mitosis Anaphase? -✓✓mitotic spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n)

• What happens during mitosis telophase? -✓✓nuclear envelope reforms

plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point

• What happens during cytokinesis? -✓✓cells split off; genetic material becomes
uncondensed

• What happens during Meiosis? -✓✓Division of one diploid cell to yield 4 haploid
cells that are completely different

• What happens during Meiosis 1? -✓✓1. Homologous chromosomes pair to form
tetrads.
2. Crossing over (exchange of sections of genetic material) occurs at chiasmata.
3. Cell divides into two. Homologous chromosomes separate randomly. Each cell
contains either maternal or paternal copy. (1 diploids becomes 2 haploid)

• What happens during Meiosis 2? -✓✓1. Independent segregation of sister
chromatids.
2. Each cell divides again, producing 4 haploid cells.

• What are the three theories of DNA Replication? -✓✓semi-conservative(parent
strands split and are used as templates for new DNA + it binds to the new DNA),
conservative(parents split to make new strands and then rejoin with each other),
dispersive(old and new DNA strands randomly join together

• What did the Meselson-Stahl experiment suggest was the correct theory of DNA
Replication? -✓✓semi-conservative

• Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment -✓✓1. Bacteria were grown in a
medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many generations.
2. Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light isotope 14N. Samples
were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of DNA replication.