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What are the 4 phases of infection? - ANSWERS-incubation period, prodromal stage,
illness phase, and convalescent period.
Incubation Period - ANSWERS-Time between exposure and symptoms. Patient is often
contagious.
Prodromal Stage - ANSWERS-Early, vague symptoms: Fatigue, Malaise, Low fever.
Illness Stage - ANSWERS-Specific signs and symptoms appear: Fever, Pain,
Inflammation, Lab abnormalities.
Convalescence - ANSWERS-Recovery phase. Tissue repair and healing.
Who are high-risk populations for infection? - ANSWERS-High-risk populations for
infection include older adults, infants and young children, immunocompromised clients
(such as those with HIV, cancer, or organ transplants), individuals with chronic illnesses
(like diabetes or kidney disease), malnourished individuals, obese individuals, smokers,
patients with invasive devices (such as IV lines, Foley catheters, or central lines),
surgical patients, and those with long hospital stays.
,What are the potential problems and needs of high-risk patients? - ANSWERS-Potential
problems and needs of high-risk patients include poor wound healing, increased risk of
sepsis, nutritional deficits, fluid imbalance, anxiety or fear, and isolation and
psychosocial concerns.
What is the infection cycle? - ANSWERS-Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit,
means of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host.
Infectious Agent - ANSWERS-The microorganism that causes disease: Bacteria,
Viruses, Fungi, Parasites
Reservoir - ANSWERS-Where the organism lives and multiplies: Humans, Animals,
Environment (soil, water, equipment)
Portal of Exit - ANSWERS-How the organism leaves the host: Respiratory secretions,
Blood, Urine, Feces, Wound drainage
Mode of Transmission - ANSWERS-How the infection spreads: Direct contact, Indirect
contact, Droplet, Airborne, Vector-borne
Portal of Entry - ANSWERS-How the organism enters a new host: Broken skin, Mucous
membranes, Respiratory tract, Urinary tract
Susceptible Host - ANSWERS-Someone at risk for infection.
How do you stop the spread of infection? - ANSWERS-Breaking any link in the infection
cycle
What is hand hygiene? - ANSWERS-The practice of cleaning hands before and after
patient contact, before aseptic procedures, and after exposure to body fluids to prevent
infection.
, What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? - ANSWERS-Equipment such as
gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection used to protect healthcare workers and
patients from infection, based on standard and transmission-based precautions.
What is aseptic and sterile technique? - ANSWERS-Procedures used to prevent
contamination during invasive procedures, wound care, and catheter insertion to
minimize the risk of infection.
What is environmental control in infection prevention? - ANSWERS-Practices that
include cleaning equipment, proper waste disposal, and following isolation protocols to
reduce the risk of infection transmission.
What is patient education in infection control? - ANSWERS-Providing information to
patients about hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, wound care, and medication
adherence to empower them in preventing infections.
What is the role of vaccination in infection prevention? - ANSWERS-Vaccination helps
prevent infectious diseases and protects vulnerable populations from outbreaks and
severe illness.
Which organization guides these infection control practices? - ANSWERS-The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides guidelines for nursing interventions
to break the chain of infection.
what are MDROs (multi-drug resistant organisms) - ANSWERS-1. Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
2. Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
3. Extended Spectrum betaLactamase producing (ESBL)
MRSA - ANSWERS-Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; found in skin and
wounds.
VRE - ANSWERS-Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus; often in GI or urinary tract.