STRAIGHTERLINE NUTRITION
FINAL EXAM 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Answer: the main energy currency for
cells. Used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular
contraction. The immediate source of energy for body functions.
◉ ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Answer: A breakdown product of
ATP. Synthesized into ATP using energy from foodstuffs and a
phosphate group.
◉ phosphocreatine (PCr). Answer: A high-energy compound that can be
used to re-form ATP. It is used primarily during bursts of activity, such
as lifting and jumping.
◉ creatine. Answer: An organic (i.e. carbon containing) molecule in
muscle cells that serves as a part of a high-energy compound (termed
creatingphosphate or phosphocreatine) cable of synthesizing ATP from
ADP.
◉ The primary goal in the use of any fuel (carb, fat, protein). Answer: to
make ATP.
◉ First line of defense for resupplying ATP in muscles. Answer: PCr
(phosphocreating)
,◉ The main advantage of phosphocreatine. Answer: It can be activated
instantly and can replenish ATP at rates fast enough to meet the energy
demands of the fastest and most powerful actions.
◉ Disadvantage of phosphocreatine. Answer: Not much of it is made
and stored in the muscles
◉ Ues of glucose to make ATP can be either __ or __. Answer:
anaerobic or aerobic
◉ Anaerobic glucose breakdown. Answer: yields energy fast. It provides
most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy
(sprints)
◉ Disadvantage of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose. Answer: (1)
cannot be sustained for long periods of time and (2) the rapid
accumulation of lactic acid greatly increases the acidity of the muscle.
◉ pyruvic acid. Answer: a three-carbon compound formed during
glucose metabolism, also called pyruvate
◉ lactic acid. Answer: A three-carbon acid formed during anaerobic cell
metabolism; a partial breakdown product of glucose; also called lactate.
,◉ Aerobic glucose breakdown is a ___ energy source. Answer:
sustained
◉ aerobic breakdown of glucose yields approximately __ percent of the
ATP made from complete glucose metabolism. Answer: 95%.
◉ Products of aerobic glucose breakdown. Answer: carbon dioxide and
water as opposed to the lactic acid of anaerobic glucose breakdown
◉ bonking. Answer: diminished mental ability as the result of blood
glucose declining during exercise
◉ Fall in blood glucose during exercise is related to the depletion of
____ glycogen. Answer: liver (not muscle0
◉ ____ glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose. Answer: liver
◉ what is the main fuel for prolonged low-intensity activity. Answer: fat
◉ for lengthy activities at a moderate pace, fat supplies how much of the
energy required?. Answer: 70-90%
◉ The only fast-paced anaerobic fuel we eat is. Answer: carbohydrate
, ◉ Slow and steady aerobid activity uses___ in addition to ___. Answer:
fat/carbohydrateq
◉ amino acids derived from protein only supply about ___ of the body's
general energy needs.. Answer: 5%. 10-15% during endurance exercise.
◉ the primary muscle fuels for weightlifting are. Answer: PCr and
carbohydrate for the brief bursts of energy, and fat during the resting
states
◉ Is it possible to increase muscle mass by eating protein?. Answer: No.
Physical strain/strength training is needed.
◉ Estimated calories to sustain moderate activity. Answer: 5-8
kcal/minute
◉ Recommended carbohydrate intake for athletes. Answer: 60% or
more
◉ Three major causes of fatigue in athletes. Answer: depletion of fluid;
depletion of electrolytes, and depletion of carbohydrates
◉ carbohydrate loading. Answer: high carbohydrate intake is consumed
for 6 days before an athletic event while tapering exercise duration in an
attempt to increase muscle glycogen stores.
FINAL EXAM 2026 STUDY GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Answer: the main energy currency for
cells. Used to promote ion pumping, enzyme activity, and muscular
contraction. The immediate source of energy for body functions.
◉ ADP (adenosine diphosphate). Answer: A breakdown product of
ATP. Synthesized into ATP using energy from foodstuffs and a
phosphate group.
◉ phosphocreatine (PCr). Answer: A high-energy compound that can be
used to re-form ATP. It is used primarily during bursts of activity, such
as lifting and jumping.
◉ creatine. Answer: An organic (i.e. carbon containing) molecule in
muscle cells that serves as a part of a high-energy compound (termed
creatingphosphate or phosphocreatine) cable of synthesizing ATP from
ADP.
◉ The primary goal in the use of any fuel (carb, fat, protein). Answer: to
make ATP.
◉ First line of defense for resupplying ATP in muscles. Answer: PCr
(phosphocreating)
,◉ The main advantage of phosphocreatine. Answer: It can be activated
instantly and can replenish ATP at rates fast enough to meet the energy
demands of the fastest and most powerful actions.
◉ Disadvantage of phosphocreatine. Answer: Not much of it is made
and stored in the muscles
◉ Ues of glucose to make ATP can be either __ or __. Answer:
anaerobic or aerobic
◉ Anaerobic glucose breakdown. Answer: yields energy fast. It provides
most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy
(sprints)
◉ Disadvantage of the anaerobic breakdown of glucose. Answer: (1)
cannot be sustained for long periods of time and (2) the rapid
accumulation of lactic acid greatly increases the acidity of the muscle.
◉ pyruvic acid. Answer: a three-carbon compound formed during
glucose metabolism, also called pyruvate
◉ lactic acid. Answer: A three-carbon acid formed during anaerobic cell
metabolism; a partial breakdown product of glucose; also called lactate.
,◉ Aerobic glucose breakdown is a ___ energy source. Answer:
sustained
◉ aerobic breakdown of glucose yields approximately __ percent of the
ATP made from complete glucose metabolism. Answer: 95%.
◉ Products of aerobic glucose breakdown. Answer: carbon dioxide and
water as opposed to the lactic acid of anaerobic glucose breakdown
◉ bonking. Answer: diminished mental ability as the result of blood
glucose declining during exercise
◉ Fall in blood glucose during exercise is related to the depletion of
____ glycogen. Answer: liver (not muscle0
◉ ____ glycogen is used to maintain blood glucose. Answer: liver
◉ what is the main fuel for prolonged low-intensity activity. Answer: fat
◉ for lengthy activities at a moderate pace, fat supplies how much of the
energy required?. Answer: 70-90%
◉ The only fast-paced anaerobic fuel we eat is. Answer: carbohydrate
, ◉ Slow and steady aerobid activity uses___ in addition to ___. Answer:
fat/carbohydrateq
◉ amino acids derived from protein only supply about ___ of the body's
general energy needs.. Answer: 5%. 10-15% during endurance exercise.
◉ the primary muscle fuels for weightlifting are. Answer: PCr and
carbohydrate for the brief bursts of energy, and fat during the resting
states
◉ Is it possible to increase muscle mass by eating protein?. Answer: No.
Physical strain/strength training is needed.
◉ Estimated calories to sustain moderate activity. Answer: 5-8
kcal/minute
◉ Recommended carbohydrate intake for athletes. Answer: 60% or
more
◉ Three major causes of fatigue in athletes. Answer: depletion of fluid;
depletion of electrolytes, and depletion of carbohydrates
◉ carbohydrate loading. Answer: high carbohydrate intake is consumed
for 6 days before an athletic event while tapering exercise duration in an
attempt to increase muscle glycogen stores.
