PGY 412 Exam 1 Questions With
Verified Answers
endocrine system - ANSWER body's main system for communicating,
controlling, and coordinating homeostasis
hormones: diurnal, pulsitile, cyclic, dependent on circulating substrates -
ANSWER -24 hr cycle (meletonin)
-pulses throughout day
-menstural cycle
-Ca, Na, hormones
negative feedback - ANSWER hormones can feedback and shut off the gland
that produces the hormone
-hypo (TRH) -> ant. pit. (TSH) -> thyroid (T3 + T4) -> ant. pit. (TSH) -> hypo (TRH)
long vs short vs ultra short feedback - ANSWER -end point (terminal gland) ->
beginning (hypo)
-jumps up 1 step (thyroid -> ant. pit.)
-hormone (t3 + t4) -> gland (thyroid)
up regulation - ANSWER increase in number of receptors
-MORE sensitive
down regulation - ANSWER decrease in number of receptors
-LESS sensitive
water soluble hormones - ANSWER circulate in free, unbound forms
-SHORT acting response
-bind to surface receptors -> 2nd messenger -> pro. kinase A/C -> cellular
response
-catecholamines, peptide hormones (insulin)
lipid soluble hormones - ANSWER primarily circulate bound to receptor
-rapid, LONG lasting response
-diffuse freely across plasma + nuclear mem + bind to CYSTOLIC or NUCLEAR
receptors
-steroid, Vit. D, retanoic acid
factors that affect endocrine function - ANSWER aging, illness, endocrine
pathologies, stress, external factors, cycles of hormone release
, endocrine disorders - ANSWER -hormone amt. too much/little
-not enough receptors/binding sites
-problem regulating/ clearing hormones in blood stream
Hypothalamus - ANSWER regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sex
drive
-in center of brain so it's protected
Pituitary - ANSWER connected to hypo. by stalk like structure (below)
-ANT: derived from ectoderm of buccal cavity
-POST: from neural ectoderm
hypothalamic control of ANT occurs via... - ANSWER secretion into hypo-pit
portal system
-hypo. neurosecratory cells (secrete hormone) -> sup. hypophysial ARTERY ->
target cells in ant. pit. -> ant. hypophysial VEIN
hypothalamic control of PIT occurs via... - ANSWER direct neural connection
-paraventricular + supraoptic nuclei neurons in hypo. synthesize hormones that
are transported down AXONS to terminals in post. pit. where they are STORED
until stimulus release
anterior pituitary - ANSWER prolactin, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH
posterior pituitary - ANSWER ADH and oxytocin
ADH - ANSWER regulates abs of water from collecting ducts in kidneys
-nerve cells in hypo. determine when blood is too concentrated (ADH released +
kidneys reabsorb)
-as blood dilutes, ADH is not released (neg. feedback)
Syndrom of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) - ANSWER incresed levels of ADH w/o
normal stimuli
-inc ADH = dec OSMOLARITY
SIASH cause - ANSWER -tumor cells secrete ADH
-small cell carcinoma of lungs (most common)
-carcinoma (doudenum, pancresa, leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's)
-other (TBI, stroke, hemorrhage)
diabetes insipidus - ANSWER disorder of ADH
-symptoms: thirst, polydispia, polyuria
neurogenic diabetes insipidus - ANSWER inability of hypo. neurons to synthesize
or secrete ADH
Verified Answers
endocrine system - ANSWER body's main system for communicating,
controlling, and coordinating homeostasis
hormones: diurnal, pulsitile, cyclic, dependent on circulating substrates -
ANSWER -24 hr cycle (meletonin)
-pulses throughout day
-menstural cycle
-Ca, Na, hormones
negative feedback - ANSWER hormones can feedback and shut off the gland
that produces the hormone
-hypo (TRH) -> ant. pit. (TSH) -> thyroid (T3 + T4) -> ant. pit. (TSH) -> hypo (TRH)
long vs short vs ultra short feedback - ANSWER -end point (terminal gland) ->
beginning (hypo)
-jumps up 1 step (thyroid -> ant. pit.)
-hormone (t3 + t4) -> gland (thyroid)
up regulation - ANSWER increase in number of receptors
-MORE sensitive
down regulation - ANSWER decrease in number of receptors
-LESS sensitive
water soluble hormones - ANSWER circulate in free, unbound forms
-SHORT acting response
-bind to surface receptors -> 2nd messenger -> pro. kinase A/C -> cellular
response
-catecholamines, peptide hormones (insulin)
lipid soluble hormones - ANSWER primarily circulate bound to receptor
-rapid, LONG lasting response
-diffuse freely across plasma + nuclear mem + bind to CYSTOLIC or NUCLEAR
receptors
-steroid, Vit. D, retanoic acid
factors that affect endocrine function - ANSWER aging, illness, endocrine
pathologies, stress, external factors, cycles of hormone release
, endocrine disorders - ANSWER -hormone amt. too much/little
-not enough receptors/binding sites
-problem regulating/ clearing hormones in blood stream
Hypothalamus - ANSWER regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sex
drive
-in center of brain so it's protected
Pituitary - ANSWER connected to hypo. by stalk like structure (below)
-ANT: derived from ectoderm of buccal cavity
-POST: from neural ectoderm
hypothalamic control of ANT occurs via... - ANSWER secretion into hypo-pit
portal system
-hypo. neurosecratory cells (secrete hormone) -> sup. hypophysial ARTERY ->
target cells in ant. pit. -> ant. hypophysial VEIN
hypothalamic control of PIT occurs via... - ANSWER direct neural connection
-paraventricular + supraoptic nuclei neurons in hypo. synthesize hormones that
are transported down AXONS to terminals in post. pit. where they are STORED
until stimulus release
anterior pituitary - ANSWER prolactin, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH
posterior pituitary - ANSWER ADH and oxytocin
ADH - ANSWER regulates abs of water from collecting ducts in kidneys
-nerve cells in hypo. determine when blood is too concentrated (ADH released +
kidneys reabsorb)
-as blood dilutes, ADH is not released (neg. feedback)
Syndrom of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) - ANSWER incresed levels of ADH w/o
normal stimuli
-inc ADH = dec OSMOLARITY
SIASH cause - ANSWER -tumor cells secrete ADH
-small cell carcinoma of lungs (most common)
-carcinoma (doudenum, pancresa, leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's)
-other (TBI, stroke, hemorrhage)
diabetes insipidus - ANSWER disorder of ADH
-symptoms: thirst, polydispia, polyuria
neurogenic diabetes insipidus - ANSWER inability of hypo. neurons to synthesize
or secrete ADH
