PNB 2XB3: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
diagram and explain the retinal - light shone on the center causes the cone to
circuitry that results in the surround hyperpolarize and release less glutamate
receptive fields on the on-center - the metabotropic glutamate receptor on the on-
and off-center retinal ganglion cells, center bipolar cell receives no glutamate so the
including the purpose of horizontal cell is able to depolarize and send glutamate to
cells the on-center ganglion cell
- the off-center bipolar cell needs glutamate to
bind to its ionotropic glutamate receptor so it is
hyperpolarized and sends no signal to the off-
center ganglion cell
- horizontal cells are GABAergic and release GABA
onto the center cone when they are depolarized
by surround cones which hyperpolarize that cone
even more
- this strengthens the depolarization of the on-
center bipolar cell
,diagram the pathway from the retina - a lesion in the optic nerve on the right side would
to the thalamus to the cortex from result in the loss of the visual field from the right
both eyes, and using the diagram side
explain what visual defects will result - a pituitary tumor pressing up the optic chiasm
from the following lesions: a lesion in should result in the loss of temporal visual fields
the optic nerve on the right side, a - a stroke on the left side of the visual cortex
pituitary tumor pressing up on the results in loss of the left temporal and right nasal
optic chiasm and a stroke in the left visual fields
side of the visual cortex
what's the difference between the optic nerves have axons from one eye and optic
optic nerves and the optic tracts? tracts have axons coming from both eyes
what are the differences between - ganglion cells fires maximally when there's light
the receptive fields of retinal shone on only the center of the receptive field
ganglion cells and those of neurons - neurons in the primary visual cortex fire maximally
in the primary visual cortex? to a certain orientation of light onto their receptive
fields which is called their orientation-selective V1
receptive fields
, describe the phenomenon of ocular when there is monocular deprivation in one eye the
dominance plasticity V1 neurons connected to that eye lose their
territory and the neurons from other other
functioning eye take over, but this doesn't mean the
neurons function better
how does the brain determine the - stereopsis is the perception of depth from cues
depth of a visual object? name and of binocular disparity which is where the object
describe at two cues the brain uses falls on our retina, the more nasal the farther away
for depth perception the object is and vice versa for objects falling the
temporal regions of our retina
- the brain also uses our field of view as a cue of
how big an object is, this can be done with using
one eye, the more room the object takes up on our
field of view the closer the object is, so when
something is farther away it take up less space and
the brain perceives this as the object getting
smaller
- the brain also uses the cue of occlusion which is
perceiving an object as being behind something
just from seeing that another object is blocking a
portion of it
Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
diagram and explain the retinal - light shone on the center causes the cone to
circuitry that results in the surround hyperpolarize and release less glutamate
receptive fields on the on-center - the metabotropic glutamate receptor on the on-
and off-center retinal ganglion cells, center bipolar cell receives no glutamate so the
including the purpose of horizontal cell is able to depolarize and send glutamate to
cells the on-center ganglion cell
- the off-center bipolar cell needs glutamate to
bind to its ionotropic glutamate receptor so it is
hyperpolarized and sends no signal to the off-
center ganglion cell
- horizontal cells are GABAergic and release GABA
onto the center cone when they are depolarized
by surround cones which hyperpolarize that cone
even more
- this strengthens the depolarization of the on-
center bipolar cell
,diagram the pathway from the retina - a lesion in the optic nerve on the right side would
to the thalamus to the cortex from result in the loss of the visual field from the right
both eyes, and using the diagram side
explain what visual defects will result - a pituitary tumor pressing up the optic chiasm
from the following lesions: a lesion in should result in the loss of temporal visual fields
the optic nerve on the right side, a - a stroke on the left side of the visual cortex
pituitary tumor pressing up on the results in loss of the left temporal and right nasal
optic chiasm and a stroke in the left visual fields
side of the visual cortex
what's the difference between the optic nerves have axons from one eye and optic
optic nerves and the optic tracts? tracts have axons coming from both eyes
what are the differences between - ganglion cells fires maximally when there's light
the receptive fields of retinal shone on only the center of the receptive field
ganglion cells and those of neurons - neurons in the primary visual cortex fire maximally
in the primary visual cortex? to a certain orientation of light onto their receptive
fields which is called their orientation-selective V1
receptive fields
, describe the phenomenon of ocular when there is monocular deprivation in one eye the
dominance plasticity V1 neurons connected to that eye lose their
territory and the neurons from other other
functioning eye take over, but this doesn't mean the
neurons function better
how does the brain determine the - stereopsis is the perception of depth from cues
depth of a visual object? name and of binocular disparity which is where the object
describe at two cues the brain uses falls on our retina, the more nasal the farther away
for depth perception the object is and vice versa for objects falling the
temporal regions of our retina
- the brain also uses our field of view as a cue of
how big an object is, this can be done with using
one eye, the more room the object takes up on our
field of view the closer the object is, so when
something is farther away it take up less space and
the brain perceives this as the object getting
smaller
- the brain also uses the cue of occlusion which is
perceiving an object as being behind something
just from seeing that another object is blocking a
portion of it
