EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN (EMT) TRAINING PROGRAM|
DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES EXAMINATION
PAPER |2026 UPDATE
Course Title: Emergency Care and Patient Management
Course Code: EMT 101
Academic Year: 2025/2026
Sinus Dysrhythmia
cycling: slowing, then speeding up (inspiration), and then slowing down (expiration) again
HR 60-100; irregular rhythm, P waves & QRS are normal
Sinus Arrest
a long pause between beats; an absence of a PQRST
"occurs when the SA node fails to initiate an impulse"
PAC
Rate: typically normal
Rhythm: typically regular
P waves: most are upright and uniform; with some early beats; T and P waves will look like
bunny ears (know bigeminal, trigeminal, quadrigeminal, couplet)
PR Interval: maybe normal, depending on origin of PAC
QRS width: typically normal
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, SVT
Rate: Fast (150-250 bpm)
Rhythm: Regular
P Wave: Merged with T wave
PR Interval: Normal (0.12 sec)
QRS: Normal (.10 sec)
A-fib
Rate: Atrial rate 350-400 bpm. Ventricular rate is variable.
Rhythm: Ventricular rate is irregular (one of the hallmark signs of atrial fibrillation).
P waves: Absent; fibrillatory waves (or small looking bumps) are seen.
PR interval: Not applicable.
QRS width: £ 0.12 seconds.
Treatment: medicate with anticoags to prevent emboli; Cardizem (diltiazem); cardiovert if CASH
Atrial Flutter
Rate: Atrial rate is 250-350 bpm. Ventricular rate varies according to AV node conduction.
Rhythm: Atrial regular; ventricular may be regular or irregular (again, depending on AV node
conduction).
P waves: Absent. Only flutter or sawtooth looking waveforms. (know conduction; how many
"ps" to QRS)
PR interval: Not applicable.
QRS width: £ 0.12 seconds.
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DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES EXAMINATION
PAPER |2026 UPDATE
Course Title: Emergency Care and Patient Management
Course Code: EMT 101
Academic Year: 2025/2026
Sinus Dysrhythmia
cycling: slowing, then speeding up (inspiration), and then slowing down (expiration) again
HR 60-100; irregular rhythm, P waves & QRS are normal
Sinus Arrest
a long pause between beats; an absence of a PQRST
"occurs when the SA node fails to initiate an impulse"
PAC
Rate: typically normal
Rhythm: typically regular
P waves: most are upright and uniform; with some early beats; T and P waves will look like
bunny ears (know bigeminal, trigeminal, quadrigeminal, couplet)
PR Interval: maybe normal, depending on origin of PAC
QRS width: typically normal
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, SVT
Rate: Fast (150-250 bpm)
Rhythm: Regular
P Wave: Merged with T wave
PR Interval: Normal (0.12 sec)
QRS: Normal (.10 sec)
A-fib
Rate: Atrial rate 350-400 bpm. Ventricular rate is variable.
Rhythm: Ventricular rate is irregular (one of the hallmark signs of atrial fibrillation).
P waves: Absent; fibrillatory waves (or small looking bumps) are seen.
PR interval: Not applicable.
QRS width: £ 0.12 seconds.
Treatment: medicate with anticoags to prevent emboli; Cardizem (diltiazem); cardiovert if CASH
Atrial Flutter
Rate: Atrial rate is 250-350 bpm. Ventricular rate varies according to AV node conduction.
Rhythm: Atrial regular; ventricular may be regular or irregular (again, depending on AV node
conduction).
P waves: Absent. Only flutter or sawtooth looking waveforms. (know conduction; how many
"ps" to QRS)
PR interval: Not applicable.
QRS width: £ 0.12 seconds.
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