S-190 Intro to Wildland Fire Behavior Exam with accurate detailed solutions

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S-190 Intro to Wildland Fire Behavior Exam with accurate
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detailed solutions ||




Point of origin - ✔✔The precise location where a competent ignition source came into
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contact with the material first ignited and sustained combustion occurred.
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Head of a fire - ✔✔The side of the fire having the fastest rate of spread
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Flank of a fire - ✔✔The part of a fire's perimeter that is roughly parallel to the main
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direction of spread. || ||




Rear of a fire - ✔✔Portion of a fire spreading directly into the wind or down slope.
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Opposite the head. Slowest spreading portion of a fire edge. Also called the heel
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3 main objectives to fight a fire - ✔✔Anchor, Flank, Pinch
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Fire perimeter - ✔✔Entire outer edge of a fire
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Fingers of a fire - ✔✔Long narrow extensions of a fire projecting from the main body
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Pockets of a fire - ✔✔Unburned indentations in the fire edge formed by fingers or slow
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burning areas ||




Island - ✔✔Area of unburned fuel inside the fire perimeter
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Spot fire - ✔✔Fire ignited outside the perimeter of the main fire by a fireband
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Smoldering - ✔✔Fire burning without flame and barely spreading
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Creeping fire - ✔✔Fire burning with a low flame and spreading slowly
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Running fire - ✔✔Behavior of a fire spreading rapidly with a well defined head
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Spotting - ✔✔Behavior of a fire producing sparks or embers that are carried by the wind
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and which start new fires beyond the zone of direct ignition by the main fire
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Torching - ✔✔The burning of foliage of a single tree or a small group of trees from the
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bottom up ||




Crown fire - ✔✔Fire that advances from top to top of trees or shrubs more or less
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independent of surface fire. Sometimes classes as running or dependent to distinguish the
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degree of independence from the surface fire.
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Flare up - ✔✔Any sudden acceleration in the rate of spread or intensification. Relatively
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short-duration. Junipers cause a lot of these. || || || || || ||




Firewhirl - ✔✔Spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases rising from a fire and
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carrying aloft smoke, debris, and flame. Can move all over and are unpredictable.
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Backing fire - ✔✔That portion of the fire with slower rates of spread. Also called the heel
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Flaming front - ✔✔That zone of a moving fire where the combustion is primarily flaming.
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Light fuels typically have a shallow flaming front. Heavy fuels have a deeper front.
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Anchor point - ✔✔An advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread, from which to
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start constructing a fireline. Used to minimize the chance of being flanked while line is
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being constructed. ||




Control line - ✔✔An inclusive term for all constructed or natural barriers and treated fire
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edges used to contain a fire || || || || ||




Fireline - ✔✔The part of a containment or control line that is scraped or dug to mineral soil
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Mop-up - ✔✔Extinguishing or removing burning material near control lines, felling snags,
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and trenching logs to prevent rolling after an area has burned, to make a fire safe, or to
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reduce residual smoke || ||




Contained - ✔✔The status of a wildfire suppression action signifying that a control line has
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been completed around the fire, and any associated spot fires, which can reasonably be
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expected to stop the fire's spread. || || || || ||




Controlled - ✔✔The completion of control line around a fire, any spot fires, and any interior
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islands to be saved. Burn out any unburned area adjacent to the fire side of the control
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lines. Cool down all hot spots that are immediate threats to the control line, until the lines
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can reasonably be expected to hold under the foreseeable conditions
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Chain - ✔✔Unit of measure in land survey. 1 chain=66 feet. 80 chains=1 mile. 10 square
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chains=1 acre. ||




3 elements of the fire triangle - ✔✔Fuel to burn
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Air to supply oxygen for the flame
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Heat to start and continue the combustion process
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3 methods of heat transfer - ✔✔Radiation, convection, conduction
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