KUBY IMMUNOLOGY COVID 19 DIGITAL
UPDATE FINAL REVIEW 2026 BUNDLED
QUESTIONS ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
◉ IFN-Gamma. Answer: A potent macrophage activator that also
helps to activate and shape the adaptive response.
◉ Activating Receptors. Answer: Have specificity for various cell
surface ligands that serve as indicators of infection, cancer, or stress.
◉ Inhibitory Receptors. Answer: Recognize membrane proteins on
normal healthy cells and inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of
those cells.
◉ Group 1 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines and other mediators
contribution to cell-mediated immunity.
◉ Group 2 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines supporting immunity to
helminth parasites and wound healing.
◉ Group 3 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines supporting lymphoid
tissue development, epithelial integrity and homeostasis and
immunity to extracellular bacteria and fungi.
,◉ Multipotent Stem Cells. Answer: Arise from embryonic stem cells
and can give rise to a more limited range of cells types.
◉ Unipotent Stem Cells. Answer: Can generate only the same cell
type as themselves.
◉ Endosteal Niche. Answer: Medullary cavity lining the bone.
Progenitors of B lymphocytes are found here.
◉ Perivascular Niche. Answer: Medullary cavity lining the blood
vessels that run through the center of the bone. Long-term HSCs are
found here.
◉ Thymocytes. Answer: Immature T cells that generate unique
antigen receptors.
◉ Negative Selection. Answer: Thymocytes whose TCRs bind self-
MHC/peptide complexes with too-high affinity are induced to die.
◉ Positive Selection. Answer: Thymocytes that bind self-
MHC/peptides with intermediate affinity and migrate to the thymic
medulla before entering the circulation.
, ◉ Death by Neglect. Answer: Majority of thymocytes die because
they have too-low affinity for the self-peptide/MHC combinations
that they encounter on the surface of thymic epithelial cells and fail
to undergo positive selection.
◉ Thymic Cortex. Answer: Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus). Answer: Thymocytes proliferate
here.
◉ Thymic Medulla. Answer: Thymocytes who are positively selected
in the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary
thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Double Negative (DN). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that do
not express CD4 or CD8. At this early stage of T-cell development,
these cells do not express the TCR.
◉ Double Positive (DP). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that
express both CD4 and CD8 after entering the cortex.
◉ Corticomedullary Junction. Answer: T-cell precursors enter the
thymus in blood vessels and mature T cells exit from here that is
located between the thymic cortex and medulla.
UPDATE FINAL REVIEW 2026 BUNDLED
QUESTIONS ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
◉ IFN-Gamma. Answer: A potent macrophage activator that also
helps to activate and shape the adaptive response.
◉ Activating Receptors. Answer: Have specificity for various cell
surface ligands that serve as indicators of infection, cancer, or stress.
◉ Inhibitory Receptors. Answer: Recognize membrane proteins on
normal healthy cells and inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of
those cells.
◉ Group 1 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines and other mediators
contribution to cell-mediated immunity.
◉ Group 2 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines supporting immunity to
helminth parasites and wound healing.
◉ Group 3 ILCs. Answer: Produce cytokines supporting lymphoid
tissue development, epithelial integrity and homeostasis and
immunity to extracellular bacteria and fungi.
,◉ Multipotent Stem Cells. Answer: Arise from embryonic stem cells
and can give rise to a more limited range of cells types.
◉ Unipotent Stem Cells. Answer: Can generate only the same cell
type as themselves.
◉ Endosteal Niche. Answer: Medullary cavity lining the bone.
Progenitors of B lymphocytes are found here.
◉ Perivascular Niche. Answer: Medullary cavity lining the blood
vessels that run through the center of the bone. Long-term HSCs are
found here.
◉ Thymocytes. Answer: Immature T cells that generate unique
antigen receptors.
◉ Negative Selection. Answer: Thymocytes whose TCRs bind self-
MHC/peptide complexes with too-high affinity are induced to die.
◉ Positive Selection. Answer: Thymocytes that bind self-
MHC/peptides with intermediate affinity and migrate to the thymic
medulla before entering the circulation.
, ◉ Death by Neglect. Answer: Majority of thymocytes die because
they have too-low affinity for the self-peptide/MHC combinations
that they encounter on the surface of thymic epithelial cells and fail
to undergo positive selection.
◉ Thymic Cortex. Answer: Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus). Answer: Thymocytes proliferate
here.
◉ Thymic Medulla. Answer: Thymocytes who are positively selected
in the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary
thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Double Negative (DN). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that do
not express CD4 or CD8. At this early stage of T-cell development,
these cells do not express the TCR.
◉ Double Positive (DP). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that
express both CD4 and CD8 after entering the cortex.
◉ Corticomedullary Junction. Answer: T-cell precursors enter the
thymus in blood vessels and mature T cells exit from here that is
located between the thymic cortex and medulla.
