KUBY IMMUNOLOGY COVID 19 DIGITAL
UPDATE PRACTICE ASSESSMENT 2026
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ Herd Immunity. Answer: the decrease in likelihood that a person
will become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the
population is vaccinated and immune
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
◉ Cell Mediated Immunity. Answer: When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized,
therefore thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of
immunity
◉ Humoral Immunity. Answer: the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
◉ Passive Immunity. Answer: the transferring of immunoglobulins
to treat a disease that the individual did not make on his or her own.
short lived and limited.
,◉ Active Immunity. Answer: the administration of a vaccine to
induce one's own immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides
protection for years.
◉ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Answer: detect changes that occur
within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the
cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about
the invader.
◉ T Helper Cells. Answer: Guide the behavior of other immune cells
and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune
response
◉ Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Answer:
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of
pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first.
◉ Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Answer: Proteins encoded
in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different
immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of
the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common
invaders and bind to PAMPs.
,◉ Generation of Diversity. Answer: To favor randomness in the
design of some recognition molecules.
◉ B-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in B
cells and are antibodies in their secreted form.
◉ T-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in T
cells and have no soluble form.
◉ Tolerance. Answer: Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid
accidentally recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on
self/non-self discrimination.
◉ Danger Model. Answer: Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the
immune system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for
its potential to be dangerous versus safe to the host than for
whether it is self versus non-self.
◉ Complement. Answer: Pre-existing serum proteins that bind
common pathogen-associated structures and initiate a cascade of
labeling and destruction events in the innate immunity.
◉ Adaptive Immunity. Answer: Slow but highly specialized to the
pathogen, and rely on randomly generated recognition receptors
made by B and T cells.
, ◉ Cytokines. Answer: Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on
responding cells, inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can
result in activation, proliferation, and differentiation of target cells.
◉ Immunologic Memory. Answer: Ability of the immune system to
respond much more swiftly and with greater efficiency during a
second exposure to the same pathogen.
◉ Primary Response. Answer: Key lymphocytes that will be used to
eradicate the pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to
resolve the infection and create memory cells.
◉ Secondary Response. Answer: Subsequent encounters with the
same antigen or pathogen.
◉ Pathological Inflammation. Answer: An influx of immune cells and
molecules that results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic
inflammation and rampant tissue destruction.
◉ Immune Deficiency. Answer: Caused by a failure to properly
deploy the immune response, usually result in weakened or
dysregulated immune responses that can allow pathogens to get the
upper hand.
UPDATE PRACTICE ASSESSMENT 2026
COMPREHENSIVE SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ Herd Immunity. Answer: the decrease in likelihood that a person
will become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the
population is vaccinated and immune
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
◉ Cell Mediated Immunity. Answer: When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized,
therefore thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of
immunity
◉ Humoral Immunity. Answer: the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
◉ Passive Immunity. Answer: the transferring of immunoglobulins
to treat a disease that the individual did not make on his or her own.
short lived and limited.
,◉ Active Immunity. Answer: the administration of a vaccine to
induce one's own immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides
protection for years.
◉ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Answer: detect changes that occur
within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the
cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about
the invader.
◉ T Helper Cells. Answer: Guide the behavior of other immune cells
and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune
response
◉ Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Answer:
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of
pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first.
◉ Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Answer: Proteins encoded
in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different
immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of
the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common
invaders and bind to PAMPs.
,◉ Generation of Diversity. Answer: To favor randomness in the
design of some recognition molecules.
◉ B-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in B
cells and are antibodies in their secreted form.
◉ T-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in T
cells and have no soluble form.
◉ Tolerance. Answer: Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid
accidentally recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on
self/non-self discrimination.
◉ Danger Model. Answer: Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the
immune system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for
its potential to be dangerous versus safe to the host than for
whether it is self versus non-self.
◉ Complement. Answer: Pre-existing serum proteins that bind
common pathogen-associated structures and initiate a cascade of
labeling and destruction events in the innate immunity.
◉ Adaptive Immunity. Answer: Slow but highly specialized to the
pathogen, and rely on randomly generated recognition receptors
made by B and T cells.
, ◉ Cytokines. Answer: Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on
responding cells, inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can
result in activation, proliferation, and differentiation of target cells.
◉ Immunologic Memory. Answer: Ability of the immune system to
respond much more swiftly and with greater efficiency during a
second exposure to the same pathogen.
◉ Primary Response. Answer: Key lymphocytes that will be used to
eradicate the pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to
resolve the infection and create memory cells.
◉ Secondary Response. Answer: Subsequent encounters with the
same antigen or pathogen.
◉ Pathological Inflammation. Answer: An influx of immune cells and
molecules that results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic
inflammation and rampant tissue destruction.
◉ Immune Deficiency. Answer: Caused by a failure to properly
deploy the immune response, usually result in weakened or
dysregulated immune responses that can allow pathogens to get the
upper hand.
