KUBY IMMUNOLOGY COVID 19 DIGITAL
UPDATE CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Thymic Cortex. Answer: Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus). Answer: Thymocytes proliferate
here.
◉ Thymic Medulla. Answer: Thymocytes who are positively selected
in the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary
thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Double Negative (DN). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that do
not express CD4 or CD8. At this early stage of T-cell development,
these cells do not express the TCR.
◉ Double Positive (DP). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that
express both CD4 and CD8 after entering the cortex.
,◉ Corticomedullary Junction. Answer: T-cell precursors enter the
thymus in blood vessels and mature T cells exit from here that is
located between the thymic cortex and medulla.
◉ Bone Marrow. Answer: B-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and
granulocytes mature in this organ.
◉ Thoracic Duct. Answer: Largest lymphatic vessel that drains
lymph from the lower and left side of the body.
◉ Lymph Nodes. Answer: Most specialized and the first organized
lymphoid structure to encounter antigens that enter the tissue
spaces.
◉ Cortex (Lymph Node). Answer: Outermost layer of the lymph
node that contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macrophages, and
follicular dendritic cells arranged in follicles.
◉ Paracortex (Lymph Node). Answer: Layer beneath the cortex in
the lymph node that is populated largely by T cells but also contains
dendritic cells that have migrated into the lymph node from the
surrounding tissues. The T-cells browse MHC-peptide antigen
complexes on the surfaces of APCs here.
, ◉ Medulla (Lymph Node). Answer: Innermost layer of the lymph
node and where the lymphocytes exit through the outgoing
(efferent) lymphatics. More populated with plasma cells that are
actively secreting antibody molecules.
◉ High Endothelial Venules (HEV). Answer: Naive lymphocytes
typically enter the cortex through this structure of the blood stream
and are lined with unusually tall endothelial cells.
◉ Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Conduit (FRCC). Answer: Guides T-cell
movements via associated adhesion molecules and chemokines.
◉ Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs). Answer: Maintain follicular and
germinal center structure and present particulate antigen to
differentiating B cells.
◉ Germinal Centers. Answer: Are established within 4-7 days of
initial infection. B cells proliferate and undergo clonal selection to
produce a colony of B cells with the highest affinity for a particular
antigen.
◉ Resident Memory Cells. Answer: Settled in the peripheral tissue
for long term and appear to be the first cells to respond when an
individual is re-infected with a pathogen.
UPDATE CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Thymic Cortex. Answer: Thymocytes begin to first express mature
TCRs and interact with cortical thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Subcapsular Cortex (Thymus). Answer: Thymocytes proliferate
here.
◉ Thymic Medulla. Answer: Thymocytes who are positively selected
in the cortex, continue to mature here and interact with medullary
thymic epithelial cells.
◉ Double Negative (DN). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that do
not express CD4 or CD8. At this early stage of T-cell development,
these cells do not express the TCR.
◉ Double Positive (DP). Answer: A subset of thymocytes that
express both CD4 and CD8 after entering the cortex.
,◉ Corticomedullary Junction. Answer: T-cell precursors enter the
thymus in blood vessels and mature T cells exit from here that is
located between the thymic cortex and medulla.
◉ Bone Marrow. Answer: B-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and
granulocytes mature in this organ.
◉ Thoracic Duct. Answer: Largest lymphatic vessel that drains
lymph from the lower and left side of the body.
◉ Lymph Nodes. Answer: Most specialized and the first organized
lymphoid structure to encounter antigens that enter the tissue
spaces.
◉ Cortex (Lymph Node). Answer: Outermost layer of the lymph
node that contains lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macrophages, and
follicular dendritic cells arranged in follicles.
◉ Paracortex (Lymph Node). Answer: Layer beneath the cortex in
the lymph node that is populated largely by T cells but also contains
dendritic cells that have migrated into the lymph node from the
surrounding tissues. The T-cells browse MHC-peptide antigen
complexes on the surfaces of APCs here.
, ◉ Medulla (Lymph Node). Answer: Innermost layer of the lymph
node and where the lymphocytes exit through the outgoing
(efferent) lymphatics. More populated with plasma cells that are
actively secreting antibody molecules.
◉ High Endothelial Venules (HEV). Answer: Naive lymphocytes
typically enter the cortex through this structure of the blood stream
and are lined with unusually tall endothelial cells.
◉ Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Conduit (FRCC). Answer: Guides T-cell
movements via associated adhesion molecules and chemokines.
◉ Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDCs). Answer: Maintain follicular and
germinal center structure and present particulate antigen to
differentiating B cells.
◉ Germinal Centers. Answer: Are established within 4-7 days of
initial infection. B cells proliferate and undergo clonal selection to
produce a colony of B cells with the highest affinity for a particular
antigen.
◉ Resident Memory Cells. Answer: Settled in the peripheral tissue
for long term and appear to be the first cells to respond when an
individual is re-infected with a pathogen.
