KUBY IMMUNOLOGY COVID 19 DIGITAL
UPDATE EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Variolation. Answer: dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules
were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
◉ Herd Immunity. Answer: the decrease in likelihood that a person
will become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the
population is vaccinated and immune
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
◉ Cell Mediated Immunity. Answer: When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized,
therefore thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of
immunity
,◉ Antibodies. Answer: the soluble active molecules in the
immunoglobulin fraction of serum
◉ Humoral Immunity. Answer: the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
◉ Antiserum. Answer: the antibody-containing serum fraction from
a pathogen-exposed individual
◉ Passive Immunity. Answer: the transferring of immunoglobulins
to treat a disease that the individual did not make on his or her own.
short lived and limited.
◉ Active Immunity. Answer: the administration of a vaccine to
induce one's own immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides
protection for years.
◉ Lymphocyte. Answer: a type of white blood cell that is responsible
for both cellular and humoral immunity.
◉ Antigen. Answer: any substance that elicits a specific response by
B or T lymphocytes.
,◉ Clonal Selection Theory. Answer: an individual B or T lymphocyte
expresses many copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a
single, distinct antigen.
◉ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Answer: detect changes that occur
within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the
cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about
the invader.
◉ T Helper Cells. Answer: Guide the behavior of other immune cells
and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune
response
◉ Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Answer:
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of
pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first.
◉ Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Answer: Proteins encoded
in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different
immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of
the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common
invaders and bind to PAMPs.
◉ Generation of Diversity. Answer: To favor randomness in the
design of some recognition molecules.
, ◉ B-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in B
cells and are antibodies in their secreted form.
◉ T-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in T
cells and have no soluble form.
◉ Tolerance. Answer: Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid
accidentally recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on
self/non-self discrimination.
◉ Danger Model. Answer: Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the
immune system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for
its potential to be dangerous versus safe to the host than for
whether it is self versus non-self.
◉ Alarmins. Answer: Engage specific host recognition molecules
that deliver a signal to immune cells to get involved during these
unnatural causes of cellular death
◉ Innate Immunity. Answer: Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using
inherited recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
UPDATE EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Variolation. Answer: dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules
were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin
◉ Edward Jenner. Answer: made smallpox vaccine from cowpox
◉ Louis Pasteur. Answer: grew bacterium that caused fowl cholera
◉ Herd Immunity. Answer: the decrease in likelihood that a person
will become infected with a pathogen if the majority of the
population is vaccinated and immune
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: certain white bloods cells that ingest
microorganisms and other foreign material
◉ Cell Mediated Immunity. Answer: When Metchinikoff noticed that
these cells were more active in animals that were immunized,
therefore thought cells rather than serum were major effectors of
immunity
,◉ Antibodies. Answer: the soluble active molecules in the
immunoglobulin fraction of serum
◉ Humoral Immunity. Answer: the immunologic events that the
antibodies (produced by B cells) participated in
◉ Antiserum. Answer: the antibody-containing serum fraction from
a pathogen-exposed individual
◉ Passive Immunity. Answer: the transferring of immunoglobulins
to treat a disease that the individual did not make on his or her own.
short lived and limited.
◉ Active Immunity. Answer: the administration of a vaccine to
induce one's own immunity.
long lived protection comes from memory cells that provides
protection for years.
◉ Lymphocyte. Answer: a type of white blood cell that is responsible
for both cellular and humoral immunity.
◉ Antigen. Answer: any substance that elicits a specific response by
B or T lymphocytes.
,◉ Clonal Selection Theory. Answer: an individual B or T lymphocyte
expresses many copies of membrane receptor that is specific for a
single, distinct antigen.
◉ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Answer: detect changes that occur
within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the
cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about
the invader.
◉ T Helper Cells. Answer: Guide the behavior of other immune cells
and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune
response
◉ Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Answer:
Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of
pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first.
◉ Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). Answer: Proteins encoded
in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different
immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of
the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common
invaders and bind to PAMPs.
◉ Generation of Diversity. Answer: To favor randomness in the
design of some recognition molecules.
, ◉ B-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in B
cells and are antibodies in their secreted form.
◉ T-Cell Receptors. Answer: Recognition molecules that are in T
cells and have no soluble form.
◉ Tolerance. Answer: Immune system's diversity strategy to avoid
accidentally recognizing and destroying host tissue that relies on
self/non-self discrimination.
◉ Danger Model. Answer: Theory by Polly Matzinger that states the
immune system constantly evaluates each new encounter more for
its potential to be dangerous versus safe to the host than for
whether it is self versus non-self.
◉ Alarmins. Answer: Engage specific host recognition molecules
that deliver a signal to immune cells to get involved during these
unnatural causes of cellular death
◉ Innate Immunity. Answer: Rapid but less pathogen-specific, using
inherited recognition molecules and phagocytic cells
