STUDY GUIDE IVY TECH APHY 101
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS PASSED ALREADY
GRADED A+ UPDATED VERSION
what are the parts of a long bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ end of a long bone that articulates (forms
a joint) with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - Correct Answer ✔✔ hollow chamber in diaphysis.
marrow fills this cavity
What is the periosteum? - Correct Answer ✔✔ a dense layer of vascular connective
tissue enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of
tightly packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cancellous bone that largely composes the
epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - Correct Answer ✔✔ step one 1: cordlike and
connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects
muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - Correct Answer ✔✔ as spongy bone is deposited in the
diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cells that break down bone
,what are osteoblasts? - Correct Answer ✔✔ bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - Correct Answer ✔✔ support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - Correct Answer ✔✔ skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - Correct Answer ✔✔ pectoral girdle, upper limbs,
pelvic girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Hematoma formation-
blood vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
how are bones classified? - Correct Answer ✔✔ by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - Correct Answer ✔✔ long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - Correct Answer ✔✔ femur
example of short bones are - Correct Answer ✔✔ carpals and tarsals in the ankle and
wrist
examples of flat bones - Correct Answer ✔✔ ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the
skull
examples of irregular bones - Correct Answer ✔✔ facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - Correct Answer ✔✔ hyaline cartilage covering articular
ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? - Correct Answer ✔✔ tissue that stops synovial fluid from
escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint
capsule.
, What is the synovial membrane? - Correct Answer ✔✔ inner layer of the joint capsule,
covers all of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage
covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes
and debris from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cushion the articulating surfaces and help
distribute body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - Correct Answer ✔✔ fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to
reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Ball-and-
socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ bending a joint
define extension - Correct Answer ✔✔ Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - Correct Answer ✔✔ increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees
between the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ movement at the ankle that moves the anterior
portion of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ movement at the ankle that moves the
anterior portion of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb
horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving towards the midline (returing upper limb
from horizontal position)
define rotation - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving a part around an axis (twisting head from
side to side)
define circumduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving a part so that its ends follows a
circular path (arm cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS PASSED ALREADY
GRADED A+ UPDATED VERSION
what are the parts of a long bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the epiphysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ end of a long bone that articulates (forms
a joint) with another bone.
What is the diaphysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ shaft of a long bone
What is the medullary cavity? - Correct Answer ✔✔ hollow chamber in diaphysis.
marrow fills this cavity
What is the periosteum? - Correct Answer ✔✔ a dense layer of vascular connective
tissue enclosing a bone
what is compact bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of
tightly packed tissue
what is spongy bone? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cancellous bone that largely composes the
epiphysis
Describe the process of ossification - Correct Answer ✔✔ step one 1: cordlike and
connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects
muscles to muscles
step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some
from tendons.
step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
What is the epiphyseal plate? - Correct Answer ✔✔ as spongy bone is deposited in the
diaphysis and in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
what are osteoclasts? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cells that break down bone
,what are osteoblasts? - Correct Answer ✔✔ bone forming cells
what are the functions of the skeletal system? - Correct Answer ✔✔ support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell formation
What is the axial skeleton? - Correct Answer ✔✔ skull, vertebral column, rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton? - Correct Answer ✔✔ pectoral girdle, upper limbs,
pelvic girdle, lower limbs
what are the steps of fracture repair? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Hematoma formation-
blood vessels, tissues in broken bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will
become irritated.
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin
cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is
called a bony callus. This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
how are bones classified? - Correct Answer ✔✔ by shape
what are the shapes of bones? - Correct Answer ✔✔ long, short, flat, irregular
example of long bone - Correct Answer ✔✔ femur
example of short bones are - Correct Answer ✔✔ carpals and tarsals in the ankle and
wrist
examples of flat bones - Correct Answer ✔✔ ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the
skull
examples of irregular bones - Correct Answer ✔✔ facial bones, vertebrae
What is articular cartilage? - Correct Answer ✔✔ hyaline cartilage covering articular
ends of the bones
What is a joint capsule? - Correct Answer ✔✔ tissue that stops synovial fluid from
escaping and encloses and supports and holds the bones together.
what is a ligament? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint
capsule.
, What is the synovial membrane? - Correct Answer ✔✔ inner layer of the joint capsule,
covers all of the surface within the joint capsule.
What is synovial fluid? - Correct Answer ✔✔ Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage
covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes
and debris from the joint cavity.
what is the menisci? - Correct Answer ✔✔ cushion the articulating surfaces and help
distribute body weight onto these surfaces
what is the bursae? - Correct Answer ✔✔ fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to
reduce friction
what are the six different types of synovial joints? - Correct Answer ✔✔ 1. Ball-and-
socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
define flexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ bending a joint
define extension - Correct Answer ✔✔ Straightening a body part
define hyper extension - Correct Answer ✔✔ increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees
between the bones of a joint (a back bend)
define dorsiflexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ movement at the ankle that moves the anterior
portion of the foot closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
define plantar flexion - Correct Answer ✔✔ movement at the ankle that moves the
anterior portion of the foot father from the shin (walking on your toes)
define abduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving away from the midline (lifting upper limb
horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
define adduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving towards the midline (returing upper limb
from horizontal position)
define rotation - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving a part around an axis (twisting head from
side to side)
define circumduction - Correct Answer ✔✔ moving a part so that its ends follows a
circular path (arm cirlces, moving finger in circular motion without moving the hand)
